Developed Countries Have a Responsibility to Give Aid

Developed countries have a responsibility to give aid to developing countries because immigration issues can be reduced by educational and healthcare assistanceEssay Developed countries have a responsibility to give aid to developing countries because immigration issues can be reduced by educational and healthcare assistance Have you ever wondered whether developed countries have a responsibility to assist developing countries or not, and what is the negative impact for developed countries if they do not help other developing countries? People in developing countries suffer from financial, economical, educational and healthcare problems.Consequently, these problems make their life more difficult and reduce standards of living such as lack of education and poor level of healthcare. As a result, those difficulties are leading them to emigrate by legal or illegal methods to other countries especially to developed countries where they can find a better life. For example, Canada is one of the most developed countries which many immigrants and refugees are trying to enter and reside. In addition, it welcomed approximately 12,098 refugees in 2010 (â€Å"Citizenship and immigration Canada media†, 2011).The case of Canada is an example of how refugees can cause a strain on developed countries. To reduce the number of refugees, developed countries must provide educational and healthcare assistance for developing countries which suffer from low standards of living, poor education and low quality health care. Education and healthcare are the most important factors which contribute to the development process for developing countries. Education become a necessity because it helps people to develop their life, society and country by improving their learning and practicing skills (The Center for Global Development, 2006).Low quality of education is a common problem in developing countries (Kremer M. & Holla A. , 2008, P. 2). It refers to fewer numbers of schools, teache rs and textbooks which reduce people's chances to be educated, especially in large population countries (Kremer M. ; Holla A. , 2008, P. 14). Moreover, the weakness of educational policies and evaluations leads to weak educational programs and contexts which result in low students' achievement (Bonuti S. , 2012, P. 5). Healthcare is another essential factor of developing for underdeveloped countries to have a healthy society through limiting different disease as much as possible.Healthcare problems create other difficulties for developing nations. One difficulty is weakness of healthcare system such as referral system leads to have a low quantity of providing health for people (Chudi I. P. , 2010, P. 11). Also, low quality of healthcare may result from poor planning for health programs which need more appropriate policies (Thomas V. , 2009, P. 2). Limitations of health education programs and small number of healthcare centers and specialists are other problems which cause a poor hea lthcare (Thomas V. , 2009, P. 2).Those complications make life more difficult and many of them are trying to immigrate by legal or illegal methods to urban nations which have better facilities. These difficulties can be reduced by developed countries which can provide educational aid to enhance the standards of living for underdeveloped populations. Developed countries can increase the quality of education of underdeveloped nations by increasing the number of schools and inputs, improving teaching methods through training courses and enhancing teachers motivations (Kremer M. amp; Holla A. , 2008, P. 14). In addition, strengthening programs can be done by refining and creating developed educational policies which are needed for higher learning and increasing student's participation and research (Bonuti S. , 2012, P. 8). Moreover, educational process can be enhanced by increasing the number of organizations and foundations such as the Hewlett Foundation, which has many programs and go als to solve global educational problems for developing countries (Hewlett Foundation, 2011).Healthcare services also can be improved through increasing the number of medical centers and specialists and raising awareness about the importance of health for people (Chudi I. P. , 2010, P. 11). Additionally, Chudi suggests that â€Å"developed countries should provide necessary technological and financial assistance to the developing countries, conduct more research on public health problems of developing countries and improve their public health service capacity† (Chudi I. P. , 2010, P. 11). Those methods may raise the quality and quantity of healthcare, resulting in having healthy communities.Therefore, definition of aid should be expanded to include items such as improving policies, and not only concentrate on giving financial aid, such as Official Development Assistance (ODA) to underdeveloped nations. (Schmitz G. , Pistor M. and Furi M. , 2003). These two main issues  œ education and healthcare – if provided, can influence a major problem for both developing and developed countries. These essential issues for developed nations are to avoid and reduce immigration issues which cause serious problems. For example, Vermaat states that† Each year, more than 240,000 illegal African immigrants are entering Europe. (Vermaat E. , 2010, P. 3). This excessive and unexpected number of immigrants causes security, stability and political problems for urban nations such as raising the rate of crimes in the society (Vermaat E. , 2010, P. 13). Additionally, Vermaat shows that† the mass movement of people around the world had brought new levels of organized crime, with drug dealing, gun offenses, prostitution and kidnapping† (Vermaat E. , 2010, P. 21). Furthermore, illegal immigrants and refugees can transfer some cultural traditions such as female genital mutilation and polygamy that cause social problems in civilized cities (Vermaat E. 2 010, P. 21). In addition, some dangerous infectious diseases such as HIV infection can be transmitted by some refugees who immigrate from less healthy areas to developed areas which mean the number of diseases will increase (Vermaat E. , 2010, P. 21). So, those problems oblige developed nations to help other underdeveloped countries to minimize and avoid those risks as much as possible. To conclude, developed nations can decrease the number of immigrants and refugees by giving essential aid such as education and healthcare for underdeveloped nations which suffer from low standards of living.The weakness of education and healthcare programs in developing countries cause many difficulties for people which results in thinking to move out of the country toward urban nations to find a better life. Furthermore, assistance from developed countries should concentrate on improving main policies, programs and methods of education and healthcare not only on providing financial aid. Also, incre asing and creating more national and international organizations and foundations will facilitate the development process for developing countries and reduce the rate of immigration problems.So, developed nations should provide these assistance to avoid and reduce political, security and health problems which result from illegal immigrants and refugees. References Bonuti S. (2012). The Quality of Higher Education in Developing Countries Needs Professional Support. (1 – 10). Retrieved from http://www. intconfhighered. org/FINAL%20Sarah%20Bunoti. pdf Chudi I. P. (2010). Healthcare problems in developing countries. Medical Practice and Reviews. Vol. 1(1), pp. 9-11. Retrieved from http://www. academicjournals. org/mpr Citizenship and Immigration Canada Media. (2011, February 13).Canada welcomes highest number of legal immigrants in 50 years while taking action to maintain the integrity of Canada’s immigration system. Retrieved from http://www. cic. gc. ca/english/department /media/releases/2011/2011-02-13. asp Hewlett Foundation (2011). Quality Education in Developing Countries. Retrieved from http://www. hewlett. org/programs/global-development-program/quality-education-in-developing-countries Kremer M. and Holla A. (2008). Improving Education in the Developing World: What Have We Learned From Randomized Evaluations? World Bank’s Commission on Growth and Development (1 – 49). Retrieved from http://www. conomics. harvard. edu/faculty/kremer/files/Annual_Review_081110%20-%20NO%20TRACK%20CHANGES. pdf Schmitz G. , Pistor M. & Furi M. (2003). Aid to developing countries. Political and Social Affairs Division. Retrieved from http://publications. gc. ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/CIR/7916-e. htm The Center for Global Development. (2006). Education and the developing world. Independent research and practical ideas for global prosperity. Retrieved from http://www. cgdev. org/files/2844_file_EDUCATON1. pdf Thomas V. (2009). Health care in developing coun tries- Need for finance, education or both? Calicut Medical Journal; 7(1): l. Retrieved from

Later Adulthood Development Report Essay

Aging occurs in every stage of life, and as adults grow older and move from one stage of adulthood to the next many new changes can occur in their everyday lives. The transition from middle adulthood to later adulthood can bring a whole new level of changes to an individual’s life. The aging process includes changes in roles and social positions, considering living accommodations with health care needs, transitioning from work life to retirement, changes in social policies, and changes in relationships with family members and peers. As aging occurs individuals notice a numerous amount of changes in their lives. Some of those changes occur in their roles and social positions. As an individual ages they may begin to notice both physical and mental changes that decrease their ability to carry out activities in their daily routines. An individual who was once the leader of company meetings may notice that they are no longer able to hear or see things as well as they were before, and they may not be able to process their thoughts as quickly. They might also notice a delay in their reaction time. While some people may assume it is because of a medical issue, it could just be because of aging. As aging continues throughout later adulthood individuals may also notice changes in their physical appearances such as loose or wrinkly skin and a decrease in muscle tone. Throughout life individuals may decide to move from one place to another to experience what it is like to live in a new place. As individuals age their health starts to decline, and in some cases, some families have to make the decision to put their loved ones in a nursing home or hire a nursing staff to do home visits. When the health of a loved one becomes an issue family members have to make sure they are getting the  proper care they need to ensure their loved ones are safe and their health needs are being met. Some elderly individuals are able to go through life and not need any type of assistance caring for themselves, but some individuals get sick and cannot properly take care of themselves any longer. Alzheimer’s and Dementia are two of the worst diseases an individual can develop as they age. Once Alzheimer’s or Dementia really set in the individual start to forget life as they previously knew it. They no longer recognize their family or friends and have a hard time remembering anything about their lives. According to the Alzheimer’s Association there are three stages to Alzheimer’s disease, the early, middle, and late stages. In the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease an individual may still function as well as they did before they knew they had the disease, â€Å"He or she may still drive, work, and be a part of social activities† (Alzheimer’s Association, 2015). According to the Alzheimer’s Association, â€Å"The middle stages of Alzheimer’s are typically the longest and can last for many years†. The third, and final stage of Alzheimer’s, the late stages, according to the Alzheimer’s Association, â€Å"may last for several weeks or several years and requires intense are the clock care†. As Alzheimer’s progresses the individual may experience symptoms such as; anger, anxiety, depression, hallucinations, memory loss, confusion, repetition, and physical discomfort. As Alzheimer’s slowly starts to take over the individual it becomes harder and harder for both the individual and the family to deal with the changes that are occurring. That is why it is so important to make sure there is a trained medical professional on site at all times to care and comfort the individual dealing with the disease. The transition from working life to retirement can be a difficult process for some adults as they struggle to accept the changes that will occur in their lifestyle. But, on the other hand, retirement can also be an enjoyable time for some adults as they see it as an opportunity to do things they love without having to worry about work interfering with their plans. Some aging adults have a hard time coping with the thought of retirement because of the drastic change in income and they do not know what to do with  all the extra time they will have throughout the day. While the changes in income between a weekly or biweekly paycheck greatly differ from their previous profession and the amount of money received through social security, most employers offer a 401K savings plan to help with retirement and life after working. Social policies were put in tact to ensure that anyone in need is able to have their needs met. These needs can include medical, nutritional, and income needs. The government has funded programs such as food stamps to help families all over the country provide food for their families. Other government programs such as Medicaid and Medicare are intact to help cover medical expenses for people who cannot afford health or dental insurance. When it comes to the elderly, social programs such as Social Security and the Older Americans Act were put intact to ensure the elderly (anyone aged sixty five or older) are able to financially support themselves. Social policies are a great way to ensure individuals are properly taken care of and are able to support themselves. Family is forever, and nobody should ever feel as if they have to go through life alone. As we age it is important to remember how important our family and friends really are to us. We spend our whole lives searching for someone to spend the rest of our lives with and to build a family with, but as we age and people in our families start to die people begin to feel lonely. Losing a close family member or even a friend can leave individuals with a feeling of loneliness or even depression, â€Å"Most people seventy years of age or older are widowed, divorced, or single† (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2010). Grandparents and great- grandparents should never have to feel like they are unimportant or unwanted by their families. As individuals mature and go on with their own lives they should always continue to stay in touch with everyone in their family, but they should especially make sure their grandparents and older family members are healthy and well taken care of. The changes that occur throughout our daily lives are preparing us for the next stage of life. As individuals age they experience new things and learn  new things about themselves. Some people fear aging as they fear they will no longer be able to properly care for themselves any longer, but with the love and support from our families anything is possible. The aging process includes changes in roles and social positions, considering living accommodations with health care needs, transitioning from work life  to retirement, changes in social policies, and changes in relationships with family members and peers. Aging is just one of the many aspects of life that everyone has to deal with, and it is up to us to determine how we want to deal with it and let it affect our everyday life. References: Alzheimer’s Association. The Stages of Alzheimer’s. Retrieved from: http://www.alz.org/living_with_alzheimers_4521.asp U.S Department of Health and Family Services. Caring for Frail Elderly People: Policies in Evolution. Retrieved from: http://aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/reports/chap14.htm Zastrow, C.H. & Kirst-Ashman, K.K. (2010). Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (8th Ed.)

Analysis of Price Setting, Poverty and Obamacare

Analysis of Price Setting, Poverty and Obamacare Question : 1 Nike’s charge a price Considering the Nike’s charging a price of a Air Jordan Basketball Shoes, economically we shall have to discuss about the price determining factors that why and how the Nike’s and under what circumstances is defining the price. The followings are the factors which can influence the Nike’s price determination: Cost of Product: This means calculation of all costs including procurement of raw material, manufacturing, distribution, labor, and other miscellaneous expenses. If the rate is not inclusive of break-even there would be trouble. So Nike while fixing the price must have notice the cost. Profit Margin: After measuring the cost, the business wants the profit taking as to what extant there should be the earning. So that it may influence the Nike’s strategy while determining price. Market Demand: It plays also a vital role as in case of less demand the price shall be lower while in case of high demand the price shall be high. Demand & Supply concept affects the price determination. Experience & Market Credibility: This is also a known factor to the price determination because the credibility in the market gives the seller sound position and the buyer trust the goods produced by well experienced and well reputed manufacturer so that they also influence the price determination factor. Market Competition: In case of excess of business rivals, there is a strong competition occurs in the market so that the prices are to be determined in a way to attract the buyer maximum. [1] The all above factors generally influence the price determination therefore we can say that Nike can charge the price as it may has considered the above factors. Its cost & profit margin as well product demand may influence and would demand the price that Nike is going to fix. Que: 2 Explain in detail what is being done to combat poverty? But also add why poverty is so hard to define and ultimately solve. Th e poverty is a state of person in which is becomes unable to meet his necessities from the resources available to him. The necessities include, food to maintain the hunger, education, healthcare facilities, shelter to reside, clothes and the means to live and improve. It is a hard task to define and measure the poverty since past because the growth rate of the population is increasing with a high margin than the growth in resources. All around the world especially the third world countries are facing this problem more. The United Nations has been planning and working to reduce the poverty in collaboration with IMF, World Bank and other financial institutions. A statistical figure printed by â€Å"One Day’s Wage† show that the 2.4 billion people around the world have been living on less than $ 2/day and approximately 1.2 billion are living on less than $ 1.24. (Extreme Global Poverty) [2] . About 3.4 million people die every day because of water related disease and appr oximately 768 million people have no access to clean water. The number of dead due to HIV/AIDS is 11,700 while 61 million children having the age of primary education are not attending the schools. In every minute at least one women is being die due to pregnancy or labor complications. 29.8 million People are enslaved. (The World Bank Survey and One’s Campaign). Strategy of One day’s Wage is to get the donation of one day from the individuals at global levels to combat the poverty and provide the aid to the people.

Nursing leadership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Nursing leadership - Coursework Example 3. I am currently working as a Certified Nursing Assistant at a hospital, to assist individuals with physical disabilities, mental impairments, and other health care needs with their activities of daily living and provide bedside care — including basic nursing procedures. 4. Effective communication enables departments to work smoothly and it can be improved through proper channel selection. The value of obtaining Magnet status is higher as it shows that the nursing staff is highly satisfied with their jobs and are actively involved in decision making enabling them to provide superior services (Ulrich et al, 2007). 5. Yes, I would choose to work in a facility with Magnet status, as it will encourage me to work with enthusiasm through satisfying my basic needs, such as physiological, security, esteem and, self-actualization. 7. Being a Nurse, I can teach procedures and pass medications to patients in order to help them attain compliance with their health related requirements. I can also give them resources to improve their lives and disease outcomes. Mick, D. J., & Ackerman, M. H. (2000). Advanced practice nursing role delineation in acute and critical care: Application of the strong model of advanced practice.  Heart & Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care,  29(3), 210-221. Ulrich, B. T., Woods, D., Hart, K. A., Lavandero, R., Leggett, J., & Taylor, D. (2007). Critical care nurses’ work environments value of excellence in beacon units and magnet organizations.  Critical Care Nurse,  27(3),

Choose from the list Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Choose from the list - Research Paper Example This paper is focused in arguing the factors that could see India as a potential global superpower. India has been perceived to have the potential of becoming a global super power owning to the fact that it has exhibited a rapid economic growth especially in the industrial sector; which is considered to be the main inductor of the course to global superiority. Nevertheless, this has also been marked with contrary views as analysts look in the situation. As far as many of them support that India can in the near future surpass China and even become the next global Superpower, many of the others are opposed to this observation. This paper will therefore look into both the issues and the ongoing discussion as regards to the potentiality and limits of India becoming the next global Superpower. This paper will also look at the challenges that India is facing that would hinder her from achieving its 21st century goal of becoming the superpower (Mahtaney Pg 104). Introduction Asian countries have shown great potential of becoming superpowers of the 21st century with India proving to be potentially a strong contender in this race. The question that remains however is that will this really happen or is it just a mere speculation that is beyond the reality scopes. For this to happen, it depends deeply in the wisdom, vision and purpose of the Indian leadership. So far, the Indian citizenry have high hopes and are having crossed fingers waiting for this to come to pass. This course can totally fail if India leadership becomes preoccupied with greed for power gaining and simply leading to rhetoric vote fetching at the cost of furthering the course of India’s march to success and prosperity and gaining the status of a global economic superpower. The economic giants of today were worse of at the turn of the 20th century when compared to where India is today (Bhandare Pg 66). But India is not subjected to the same road that the economics giants of today travelled since t here are no similar technological, political, engineering and scientific challenges that existed then. Therefore, with the improvements of these aspects in the contemporary world of today, India is likely to move faster on its road to economic development as compared to the economic superpowers of today. It won’t have to take India six centuries or so in order to attain its state of superpower unless it’s stupid enough to abandon the current industrial status and go back to the past of reinventing the ancient wheels all over again. The United States intelligence has speculated that India would most probably become an economic giant and a superpower by the year 2030 if China slows down (Jaffrelot & Cynthia Pg 107). Why India Can be a Global Power India has a great human resource with nearly 1.1 billion people making it the second most populous country in the world after China. It has a vast are of land huge enough to cater for its population with a lot of natural resour ces that serves its vast population (Lak Pg 53). The Indian economy has had a steady growth of 6% over the last decade and a fabulous 8% economic growth over the last 3 years. India is therefore among the fastest growing economies in the world and currently, it boasts a fast emerging middle class and growing Gross Domestic Products, improving

Misuse or new use of radiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Misuse or new use of radiation - Essay Example Earlier, good results were obtained with radiation therapy using grenz rays or superficial x-rays but since such machines are not commonly available now, this modality of treatment is no longer used. This study describes the use of megavoltage radiation with good results. The study involved treatment of nine patients with chronic vesicular dermatitis on their hands, feet, or both, with megavoltage radiation. All patients were refractory to conventional treatments. Six of the nine patients had both their hands and feet treated, while two patients had their hands treated, and one patient had the feet treated. For treatment of the hands, the patients stood at the side of a linear accelerator couch and placed their prone palms on a one centimeter of bolus on the couch. Another one centimeter of bolus was placed on top of the hands. An isocentric anterior-posterior and posterior-anterior technique with 6 MV photons, with field size ranging from 19 Ãâ€" 23 cm to 38 Ãâ€" 24.5 cm was used. The center of midplane between the two pieces of bolus received the radiation dose, with radiation dose prescription depths ranging from 1.0 to 2.5 cm from the patients skin surface (2.0 to 3.5 cm from the bolus). For treatment of feet, the patients lay supine on a linear accelerator couch and reverse on the table. With the knees bent, the feet were placed in a water bath having a one-centimeter bolus. An isocentric right and left lateral technique with 6 MV photons, with field size ranging from 14 Ãâ€" 28 cm to 24 Ãâ€" 34 cm was used. The radiation dose was prescribed to the isocenter with the radiation dose prescription depths ranging from 10.5 to 12.5 cm. The radiation dose given was 1,200 cGy in 8 fractions for 8 patients and 900 cGy in 6 fractions for one patient. Treatments were given twice per week, either on Monday and Thursday or on Tuesday and Friday. An improvement was seen in all patients during

Impacts of Green House Gas emission and Alternate energy Resources Research Paper

Impacts of Green House Gas emission and Alternate energy Resources - Research Paper Example The major contributors in increasing the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are the power generation units. Most power generation units utilize coal to generate power. Coal is the worst fossil fuel as it is packed with more amount of waste and less amount of energy. Natural gas is the most energy content and least waste among other fossil fuel resources. Coal burns with producing solid as well as gaseous waste. Major content of gaseous wastes includes oxides of carbon, oxides of sulfur and oxides of nitrogen. As the energy requirements are increasing, power generation units tend to burn more coal and other fossil fuels in the power generation units to meet the energy demand. As the amount of feed coal increases, the greenhouse gas emissions from the power generation units also increase. We can conserve energy to reduce the waste (Chu). Transportation also accounts for the greenhouse gas emissions. In some bigger cities, the number of cars is approximately equal to the number of perso ns living in the city. It means that every person is contributing in transportation wastes. EIA projects that world energy requirements will increase 56% by the year 2040. EIA reports that world current energy requirements are about 524 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu), however, by the year 2040, the energy requirements will increase by 820 quadrillion Btu. EIA also projects that by the year 2040, 80% of the energy requirements will remain dependent on fossil fuel resources (Eia.gov). Global Warming

Environmental Scan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental Scan - Essay Example Identification and Analyzing of External Environment Factors The most important external environmental factor of a non-profit organization can be identified through analyzing the issues directly related to the organizations’ operational efficiency in the particular industry. The first important factor affecting TDL Ventures is that of the financial issues. It is important to analyze whether the funds generated for accomplishing the organization’s goals are adequate or not. The essential task related to this factor is to satisfy the founder providing the money for the purpose. For mitigating the risk associated with this factor, TDL Ventures has overviewed and assessed costs associated with activities related towards delivery of services to the clients. On assessment of these issues, TDL Ventures can be stated to be in a position to carry the costs of its service within the non-profit social service industry in the US. The second most important external factor for TDL Ve ntures is the notion of both governmental and non-governmental organizations towards these social service organizations. It is, in fact, true that government and non government organizations confer a caustic overview towards these non profit organizations. This factor was a challenge for TDL Ventures during the time of its incorporation. However, pertaining to the level of importance of this specific social service to the people, the organization found adequate founders for its operations and is gradually leading to its success path (Handy & Ranade, 2000). The third most important external factor is related to the social issues governing the operation of a non profit organization. Traditionalistic cultures of the society are an influencing factor for successful operation of TDL Ventures (Twombly, 2011). Traditions prevailing within the society (either positive or negative) were required to be analyzed for effective identification of those factors. It was observed from identification process of the traditionalism that a certain portion of the society was supportive towards its existence while on the other hand, certain other portion was in an ambiguous position towards its existence. For copping up with this situation, TDL Ventures utilized several initiatives related to welfare reforms of the society and in the due course of time the society accepted its existence. At the same time, it was also required for TDL Ventures to make an assessment of cost-benefit position with regard to the societal factors. The societal cost incurred for bringing the organization into existence was to be compared with the societal benefits to be acquired from its operations. It was found from the comparison that social benefits in the form of providing a healthy lifestyle to the blind people in the society was much more than that of the costs initially encountered for the foundation of TDL Ventures (Business Studies Online, 2002). Identification and Analyzing of TDL Venture’ s Internal Strengths and Weaknesses TDL Ventures holds a strong workforce which is determined towards the achievement of its goals, both short-term as well as long-term. TDL Ventures similar to any other non profit organizations enjoys benefits from its external environmental issues as well, apart from its internal strengths. However, it is also true that it is

Research on a recent (2012-2013) malware attack Paper

On a recent (2012-2013) malware attack - Research Paper Example This paper seeks to give an in-depth analysis of the Stuxnex virus. Stuxnet is a very complex computer virus, which was observed to be specifically designed for industrial appliances attack. In this regard, it would affect the operation of the industrial devices and could lead to failure of the system. According to Ricks (2012), Stuxnet virus was designed and deployed by American and Israel intelligence in a bid to bring down the Iranian nuclear plant. The designing of the Stuxnet virus dates back from the time George W. Bush was the American president, and was accelerated to its completion under Obama’s first term as the American president (Sanger, 2012). The joint project between the American and the Israel intelligence personnel was implemented under the code â€Å"Olympic games.† The main target was the Iranian military-industrial complex in a bid to hamper its operations, thus making them incapable on continuing with their development on nuclear weapons (Sanger, n.d.). The first deployment was done in 2008 and 2009, and the target s were Natanz nuclear enrichment. At first, it was thought the failure in the operations of the plant was due to incompetence of the Iranian officials mandated to monitor it. For security reasons, computers  for  monitoring and controlling the operation of the plant were not connected to the internet. The virus was to be spread using removable devices. When the devices were plugged into the computers, the virus software would record the operations of the Centrifuges, after which it would interfere with the normal operations of the centrifuges; thus, bringing down the plant. This was the only route through which the virus could be introduced to the nuclear plant as the American and Israel intelligence officials did not have access to the plant; workers, who include engineers and maintenance personnel, were used to infect the plant with the virus through

MGT 647 Individual Project 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MGT 647 Individual Project 5 - Assignment Example he departments so that there could be a streamline of work flow and accountability ensured to both the project leaders and management of project done in an efficient manner that conforms to organization requirement. By undertaking the activities, Advance Corporation was achieved and improve in many ways. By training the labors, there was employment of highly qualified workers who could articulate major issues in the company hence there was a smooth flow work and reduced burden on behalf of the managers since quality was guaranteed (Russell, 2007). The departments who were understaffed before could improve work since more workers were allocated to them. Through the adoption of the videoconferencing facility, management of the project and coordination became easier since there was sharing of information at all levels of the project cycle reducing chances of not spreading information from one department to another. Movement was also made easier since the geographical barriers were greatly minimized since the facility enabled the managers to take control and coordinate work at any place without interference as they either travel, away on other company duties or get meeting information at any place (Gido & Clements, 2012). By structuring the duties of the departmental heads, especially the research and development,t and that of sales reduced the problems that had emanated previously caused by either the confusions in responsibilities and disagreements to a more continuous flow of work with distinctive work procedures leading to a more efficient and faster work. Differences in opinions acts as the generation of ideas as to how to articulate issues as alternatives to the best solutions. After a thorough discussion with the two managers, it was easier for them to understand one another and acts with flexibility which provided a good environment to the work process in the organization. By implementing the actions and deeds the company was able to achieve its objectives

Book Review Essay Example for Free

Book Review Essay The novel is about a wolf called Faolan that survives with a friend of his, Edme. There is another wolf called the Prophet that tries to send out wolves to kill Faolan and Edme. They try to find a shelter to try to hide but end up getting spotted by a wolf. They run away and escape from the wolf. After getting away they go out and find the Prophet. They confront him ask ask him why he wants to kill them and he jumps at them and they finally kill the Prophet. The book is associated with the other five Wolves of the Beyond books Lone Wolf, Shadow Wolf, Watch Wolf, Spirit Wolf, and Star Wolf.  I would give the book a 2 because I like the Wolves of the Beyond books. They explain how the wolves survive and how they hunt their prey. The book shows how they grow up and learn to hunt and communicate with the others. I also like how the author makes it feel like something is going to happen like a fight scene. The book also continues the story of the main character, Faolan and gives the wolf a characteristic for each book the author makes. The novel is about a wolf called Faolan that survives with a friend of his, Edme. There is another wolf called the Prophet that tries to send out wolves to kill Faolan and Edme. They try to find a shelter to try to hide but end up getting spotted by a wolf. They run away and escape from the wolf. After getting away they go out and find the Prophet. They confront him ask ask him why he wants to kill them and he jumps at them and they finally kill the Prophet. The book is associated with the other five Wolves of the Beyond books Lone Wolf, Shadow Wolf, Watch Wolf, Spirit Wolf, and Star Wolf.  I would give the book a 2 because I like the Wolves of the Beyond books. They explain how the wolves survive and how they hunt their prey. The book shows how they grow up and learn to hunt and communicate with the others. I also like how the author makes it feel like something is going to happen like a fight scene. The book also continues the story of the main character, Faolan and gives the wolf a characteristic for each book the author makes.

The Negatives of Cosmetic Surgery Essay Example for Free

The Negatives of Cosmetic Surgery Essay Cosmetic Surgery, the thing that people get but ends up going totally wrong. Many people are against cosmetic surgery for many reason, health risk, the surgens that perform the surgery and many more. Let’s learn further more about cosmetic surgery and other risk it has. What is cosmetic surgery? Cosmetic Surgery the reshaping of body parts through surgical procedures. Common cosmetic surgery procedures include breast reduction or enlargement, facelift, hair replacement, and liposuction. Cosmetic surgery is done to approve the appearance of a person’s normal body structures. It also improve the appearance of a person and there body parts that are damaged by congenital defects, injury, burns, tumors, or diseases. But with all being done this can also lead to health risk as well. With this comes health risk, many reason why people are so against getting this done is because of the after math once you get the surgery done. For example as with any surgery, there is a risk of postoperative complications. Patients with a history of cardiovascular disease, lung disease, or obesity are at higher than average risk of developing pneumonia or having a stroke, a heart attack, or blood clots in the legs or lungs after surgery. Other risks include bleeding, infection, skin breakdown, or accumulation of clear fluid (seroma) or blood (hematoma) beneath the incision (Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection). Sometimes cosmetic surgery don’t produce the results the patient desires. This is often a problem with with the skill of the surgeon. There is always the negative impact of having a surgery done and being unhappy with the results. For example, people can botox, lip injections, tummy tucks, liposucstion, etc. after getting it done and during the processe they look horrible from what they did before they go the procedures.The outcome may have been exactly what the physician described, but the patient still is unhappy with the results. Another prime  example is when after surgery the doctor write’s up a proscription for the patient to esse the pain but if anyone knew, doctor’s like over medicate their patience. There are some people that can be addicated to pain killers

Web Usage Mining for Web Page Recommendation

Web Usage Mining for Web Page Recommendation A Survey On Web Usage Mining For Web Page Recommendation Using Biclustering ABSTRACT The World Wide Web contains an increasing amount of websites which in turn contains increasing number of web pages. When any user visits a new website they have to go through large number of web pages to meet their requirements. Web usage mining is the process of extracting useful knowledge from the server logs. This useful knowledge can be applied to target marketing and in the design of web portals. A Recommender system is one of the best web usage mining Application which reduces the difficulties faced by the users to meet their requirements .It recommends the pages of interest to the user. This report includes the survey of different clustering and biclustering techniques. Also we will discuss the biclustering approach which has some advantages over the traditional clustering approach. Keywords : Web usage mining, Recommender system, biclustering I. INTRODUCTION The World Wide Web store, share, and distribute information in the large scale. There is large number of internet users on the web. They are facing many problems like information overload due to the significant and rapid growth in the amount of information and the number of users. As a result, how to provide web users with more exactly needed information is becoming a critical issue in web applications. Web mining extracts interesting pattern or knowledge from web data. It is classified into three types as web content mining, web structure, and web usage mining. Web usage mining is the most important area of web mining which deals with the extraction of useful knowledge from the web usage data. There are different kinds of datasets on which web usage mining can be performed. They are in the form of log files. These log files can be stored at server side, proxy side and client side. Mostly the server side log files are used for web usage mining. Before the mining process various pre-p rocessing techniques can be applied to the log files, for example, pre-processing, pattern discovery, pattern analysis. The data mining techniques like Association rule mining, Sequential pattern analysis; Classification and Clustering are used to mine the web usage data. The mined knowledge can be helpful in different web applications like personalization of web Content, support for the design, E-commerce, and many other web applications. In this paper we discuss clustering technique of data mining for web usage data. Clustering is one of the important data mining technique to discover usage pattern from the web usage data. The users with the same browsing pattern are clustered in the same group and the others are clustered in different groups. In this survey we consider biclustering algorithm based on genetic algorithms (GAs) for effective clustering. In general, a genetic algorithm (GA) is a search heuristic that mimics the process of natural selection. This heuristic (also sometimes called a metaheuristic) is routinely used to generate useful solutions to optimization and search problems [10]. So, we believe that a clustering technique with Genetic algorithm can provide relevant clusters more effectively. A traditional clustering method clusters users according to their similarity of browsing behaviour under all pages. However, it is often the case that some users have similar behaviour only on a subset of pages. For example consider below example user page matrix. [2] TABLE-1 : USER PAGE MATRIX When all pages are considered users 1, 2, and 4 do not show similar behaviour since their hit count values are uncorrelated under page 2 ,while users 1 and 2 have an increased hit count value from page 1 to page 2, the hits of user 4 drops from page 1 to page 2. However, these users behave similarly under pages 1, 3, and 4 since all their hit count values increase from page 1 to page 3 and increase again for page 4. A traditional clustering method will fail to recognize such a cluster since the method requires the three users to behave similarly under all pages which are not the case [2]. To overcome this problem Biclustering or Two- way clustering was introduced. Biclustering was first introduced by Hartigan and called it direct clustering [1]. Following section describes some of the clustering and biclustering methods together with Genetic algorithm available in the literature. II. LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 WEB MINING Web mining is categorized into three areas which are Web usage mining, Web content mining, and Web structure mining [6]. Web usage mining makes use of logs that are generated by the Web server to make sense of the user’s behaviour on the Web. The logs captured by web servers are the primary source of data in web usage mining, and it is important as it explicitly records the browsing behaviour of site visitors. The greatest advantage of the web server logs is that they are records of what people have actually done, and not what they might do or thought they did [4]. Web personalization based on Web usage mining involves three phases; data preparation and transformation, pattern discovery, and recommendation. In the first stage, the web server logs will undergo intensive pre-processing stage that will remove all irrelevant information and prepare the logs for pattern discovery to derive the user profile. A previous study used frequency and duration as indicators to represent the interest degree of a Web page to a user in the session. Another separate study indicates that contiguous sequential patterns found in frequent navigational paths are more suitable for predictive tasks, such as predicting which item the user will access next during his navigation. Recent studies on sequential patterns in web log data show that ordered sequence of events can discover web users’ navigational patterns [4]. Web content mining is the process of extracting knowledge from the content of Web documents [6]. One of the challenges in Web content is to extract useful information from the pages. This stage is known as Web content cleaning. A Web page typically contains a mixture of many kinds of information, such as the main content, advertisements, navigation panels, and copyright notices [5]. Web content mining techniques alone is unable to handle dynamic content changes in news sites. On the other hand, personalization based on web usage by itself is not able to reflect the changes in site content, because these changes are not included in the Web logs. As Web usage and Web content have limitations, combining these two areas will harness both of their use for personalization [4]. 2.2 WEB LOG A Web log is a file to which the Web server writes information each time a user requests a resource from that particular site. All users’ web access activities of a website are recorded by the WWW server of the website and stored into the Web Server Logs. Each user access record contains the client IP address, request time, requested URL, user ID, HTTP status code, etc. Web log consist of attributes with the data values in the form of records. The information contained in web logs has been used in many different ways. In various studies, researchers and search engine administrators have used information from web logs to learn about the search process and to improve search engines. Besides learning about search engines or their users, query web logs are also being used to infer semantic concepts or relations [3]. 2.3 DATA COLLECTION There are three main sources to get the row log data, which are namely 1) Client Log File 2) Proxy Log File 3) Web Server Log File Web Server Log File: The most significant and frequently used source for web usage mining is web server log data. This web log data is generated automatically by web server when it services user request, which contains all information about visitor’s activity. The common server log file types are access log, agent log, error log and referrer log [7] Table-1 summarizes each. TABLE-2: WEB SERVER LOG FILE TYPES AND CONTENT[7] Depending on web server, web log file data varies on number, type of attributes, and format of log file. W3C maintains standard log file format however custom log file format can be configured. Many varied format are available like 1.Common log format, 2.Extended common log format, 3. Centralized log format, 4.NCSA common log format, 5.ODBC logging, 6.Centralized binary logging. among all common or extended file format are mainly implemented by web server. [7] Common Log Format (CLF) may contain following fields [host/IP rfcname logname [DD/MMM/YYYY: HH:MM:SS-0000] â€Å"METHOD/PATH HTTP/ 1.0† bytes] [7] 2.4 RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM Recommender systemsorrecommendation systems are a subclass ofinformation filtering systemthat seek to predict the rating or preference that user would give to an item.The most popular ones are probably movies, music, news, books, research articles, search queries, social tags, and products in general. However, there are also recommender systems for experts, jokes, restaurants, financial services,life insurance, persons (online dating), and Twitter followers.[9] Various data mining techniques applied on web recommendation system for the data Pre-processing of web server log data. III. METHODS AND MATERIALS 3.1 BICLUSTER Bicluster Types [8] Different biclustering algorithms have different definitions of bicluster. 1) Bicluster with constant values (a), 2) Bicluster with constant values on rows (b) or columns (c), 3) Bicluster with coherent values (d). (a) (b) (c) (d) 3.2 CLICKSTREAM DATA PATTERN Clickstream data is a sequence of Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) browsed by the user within a particular period of time. By analyzing these data we can discover web users having similar browsing pattern. It requires some preprocessing before it is taken for analyse[1]. 3.3 INITIAL BICLUSTERS[1] K-Means clustering method is applied on the web user access matrix A(U, P) along both dimensions separately to generate ku user clusters and kp page clusters .And then combine the results to obtain small co-regulated sub matrices (ku Ãâ€" kp) called biclusters. These correlated biclusters are also called seeds. 3.4 COHERENT BICLUSTERING FRAMEWORK USING GENETIC ALGORITHM (GA) [1] Usually, GA is initialized with the population of random solutions. In our case, after the greedy local search procedure the optimization technique genetic algorithm is applied on biclusters to get the optimum bicluster. This will result in faster convergence compared to random initialization. Algorithm: Evolutionary Biclustering Algorithm [1] Input: Set enlarged and refined seed Output: Optimal Bicluster Step 1. Initialize the population. Step 2. Evaluate the fitness of individuals Step 3. For i =1 to max_iteration Selection() Crossover() Mutation() Evaluate the fitness End(For) Step 4. Return the optimal bicluster Using the above algorithm we can generate optimum biclusters from web usage data which exhibits high coherence between the web user and the pages visited by them. Analyzing these overlapping coherent biclusters could be very beneficial for direct marketing, target marketing and also useful for recommending system, web personalization systems, web usage categorization and user profiling. The interpretation of biclustering results is also used by the company for focalized marketing campaigns to improve their performance of the business [1]. IV. CONCLUSION The Biclustering approach overcomes the problem associated with traditional clustering methods by showing the higher coherence between the web user and the subset of pages visited by them. The result of Biclustering can be used in the focalized marketing strategy like direct marketing and target marketing. The recommendation system will give the website its most visited pages by its all user. It also gives information of the user having same behaviour on subset of pages. So it target on improving the website’s design, information availability and quality of services. Future work aims at extending this framework by using it as a pre-processing tool for the web page recommendation system. REFERENCES

Student Sleep Habits and Their Grades Essay -- academic performance, sl

Introduction Sleep has always been a popular subject among humans. There have been many studies that examine sleep and its correlation with a wide variety of variables, such as depression, energy levels, and grades. Students, as a group, are widely studied. As the world’s future leaders and thinkers, there is great importance placed on their achievements. In this study the effect of student sleep habits on perceived academic performance is investigated. Many things may affect students’ academic success among these variables are sleep habits. This study will look at sleep habits and grades to see if a significant correlation exists between the two. Sleep is an interesting subject and if a correlation between it and grades may be drawn, whether negative or positive, it will help to further educate and encourage more productive habits among the young and bright individuals that society relies upon. The public should care about the study because the impact is of a nature that could affect the community. Studies have previously been conducted about sleep and students. These studies cover a variety of variables including sleep length, inductive reasoning, preference in time of day, grade-point average, sleep quality, etc. (Escribano & Dà ­az-Morales, 2013);(Gilbert & Weaver, 2010). In one study researchers used Likert scales on a one to five platform to gather information (Gilbert & Weaver, 2010), and another on a one to four scale (Gaultney, 2004). Another study had a survey that asked for objective information such as exact grade-point average (Kelly, Kelly & Clanton, 2010). Yet another study used sleep logs and divided the students into a series of three classes based on their sleep habits (Tsai & Li, 2004). This stu... ...nces, Volume 55, Issue 2, July 2013, Pages 106-111, ISSN 0191-8869 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.02.011 (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886913000809) Kelly, W. E., Kelly, K. E., & Clanton, R. C. (2001). The relationship between sleep length and grade-point average among college students.   College Student Journal, 35(1), 84-86. Ling-Ling Tsai, Sheng-Ping Li, (2004) Sleep patterns in college students: Gender and grade differences, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Volume 56, Issue 2, February 2004, Pages 231- 237, ISSN 0022-3999, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00507-5. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022399903005075) Unknown. (unknown).  Table of critical values for pearson's r.. Retrieved on 11/17/2013 from http://www.radford.edu/~jaspelme/statsbook/Chapter%20files/Table_of_Critical Values_for_r.pdf

Youth Workers Essay -- Article Analysis, Rachel Brooks

Introduction This essay will focus on the main points of an article written by Rachel Brooks. The article centers on a wide description of young people and their political participation. More specifically, it involves around the fact that young people tend to show interest and to participate less in the political action than other age groups. Moreover, it focuses on young women’s willingness to express their selves politically, and the extent of their political engagement. It also emphasizes to the absence of gender, when it comes to political participation amongst the young age groups Most of the survey results concerning young members of the European Union show that both young men and women tend to be politically apathetic. However, it is argued that the lack of social activities and voluntary work is two of the main reasons of young people’s inactive social cohesion and citizenship. Young people and political engagement Political engagement, as it is illustrated by the contemporary media, concerns the qualification of a moral label of a ‘good citizen’, the domain of voluntary work, watching the everyday news, taking part in activism, and voting. Nowadays, most of the books, articles, and press documents, present young people as political apathetic. This particular age group is failing in terms of civic and political participation e.g. voting in the elections, and it is considered as passive and disengaged. (Banaji, 2008, p.1) According to Banaji (2008), nowadays political engagement and civic participation don’t appeal to young’s peoples general beliefs and activities, as they are viewed more as mandatory and less as maturity, citizen’s political agency, or sense of power and responsibility . However, t... ...no action and that ‘civic’ engagement is better than no engagement.’ This means that nowadays political participation could be expressed with the use of different forms and sources and if using an alternative way to express it, it doesn’t mean that it still it no longer exists. There is no formal evidence which proves that the younger age groups are less engaged to politics than the older ones. Nevertheless, there are lots of different methods that youth workers can use in order to actuate young people to political action, social cohesion and engagement through informal education. These methods contain voluntary work, group discussions and peer education. Finally, the notable absence of gender in terms of youth participation in politics constitutes another very important consideration that has to be highlighted in the future researches and surveys. Youth Workers Essay -- Article Analysis, Rachel Brooks Introduction This essay will focus on the main points of an article written by Rachel Brooks. The article centers on a wide description of young people and their political participation. More specifically, it involves around the fact that young people tend to show interest and to participate less in the political action than other age groups. Moreover, it focuses on young women’s willingness to express their selves politically, and the extent of their political engagement. It also emphasizes to the absence of gender, when it comes to political participation amongst the young age groups Most of the survey results concerning young members of the European Union show that both young men and women tend to be politically apathetic. However, it is argued that the lack of social activities and voluntary work is two of the main reasons of young people’s inactive social cohesion and citizenship. Young people and political engagement Political engagement, as it is illustrated by the contemporary media, concerns the qualification of a moral label of a ‘good citizen’, the domain of voluntary work, watching the everyday news, taking part in activism, and voting. Nowadays, most of the books, articles, and press documents, present young people as political apathetic. This particular age group is failing in terms of civic and political participation e.g. voting in the elections, and it is considered as passive and disengaged. (Banaji, 2008, p.1) According to Banaji (2008), nowadays political engagement and civic participation don’t appeal to young’s peoples general beliefs and activities, as they are viewed more as mandatory and less as maturity, citizen’s political agency, or sense of power and responsibility . However, t... ...no action and that ‘civic’ engagement is better than no engagement.’ This means that nowadays political participation could be expressed with the use of different forms and sources and if using an alternative way to express it, it doesn’t mean that it still it no longer exists. There is no formal evidence which proves that the younger age groups are less engaged to politics than the older ones. Nevertheless, there are lots of different methods that youth workers can use in order to actuate young people to political action, social cohesion and engagement through informal education. These methods contain voluntary work, group discussions and peer education. Finally, the notable absence of gender in terms of youth participation in politics constitutes another very important consideration that has to be highlighted in the future researches and surveys.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder & Autism in the Classroom Ess

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder & Autism in the Classroom When teaching it must be expected that there will be students that have behavioral disorders. These disorders must be taken into consideration when giving these students the best education possible. Teachers must accommodate to these children and incorporate them into the daily classroom. Every teacher has their own methods of doing this and can use their creativity to come up with these strategies for teaching. Some strategies may not work, so instructors must put much thought into how they are going to accommodate to these particular students. A very common disorder in children is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD. These students have a difficult time holding attention due to the lack of the ability to concentrate. These students tend to act impulsively, have attention deficits, and sometimes exude hyperactive behaviors. Children that have ADHD do not qualify for special education unless they also have another disability. Approximately 7.8 percent of children from the ages of 4 to 17 have been diagnosed with ADHD, research also shows that males are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD over women. These ratios vary from 4:1 to 9:1. These students with ADHD can be impulsive, which means they act before they think or before considering the situation that they are currently in. They also have a hard time concentrating and find it difficult to sit still. There are medications for ADHD, and they are prescribed often, there are also a variety of drugs that have been proven to make a child with ADHD more a ttentive and improve their academic performance. Unfortunately, these drugs have side effects such as weight loss, blood pressure chan... ...ed or wanted. I would also encourage parents to enroll their child in to sensory therapy such as occupational therapy, sensory integration, and developmental optometry therapy to help with possible vision issues. Medication wise I would encourage parents to prescribe their child to Prozac to assist in lowering anxiety, I would encourage this in older aged students. Both ADHD and autism are disorders that all teachers must be educated in before going into this profession. It is important to know the different strategies that can be used to be the most helpful instructor to these students. It is also very important to incorporate these students into the classroom and encourage good social skills with peers. By paying close attention to these students instructors are able to come up with the best strategy to provide the best education to these individuals.

The Importance of History

The Importance of History History is an important part of anyone’s life. History helps understand the past so the people of the country can understand where they come from. The subject helps children understand who they are and where they came from. History is basically knowledge about the past events. It is a part of everyday life that goes partially un-noticed. Everybody, people talk about past events without even knowing that they are performing the task. One needs to know and understand the past at doctor’s offices and solving arguments between children. I would have to know my past and my family past in order to fill out the information at my doctors. This is the way the doctor can know what to expect from my health issues. I could use history to find out the solution and the start of the problem of sibling arguments. If my two children got in a fight and one of them told me one thing and the other told me another, I would be able to tell from their history on how the fight actually went. History helps the people of today realize why their country enters wars, where their beliefs come from, and understand their culture of their country. According to the author of â€Å"Importance of History,† David Crabtree, the definition of history is that it is a story about the past that is significant and true. This simple definition contains two words that are packed with meaning which must be understood in order to understand history, which are significance and truth. Significance is determined by the historian. The historian sorts through the evidence and presents only that which, given his particular world view, is significant. No one could record everything that is true about an event in the past. Everything can be entered in history because every factor can be used in studies, teachings, and certain other possibilities. Most historians use the word â€Å"true† to mean any perspective well supported by facts. Several people can have different perspectives on history itself or bits of pieces of history (Crabtree, 1993). So it is important that we, as the people, can get all of the correct information and learn as much as possible to fully understand the full outlook and meaning of history. The resources that I can use are the school library and the public library. If I want a personalized story to be told to me, so that I can have a personal answer I can talk to something that lived through the time that I need to find research on. This person can give me a perspective that I could not get from a book, computer, or the library. Another resource that I could use is movies and television. I could watch documentaries about the event since the documentaries are based on facts and truth. They provide an in-depth view on the topics and they give more sources than necessary. I could watch the television channel National Geography or the History Channel, because they give the most honest and truthful facts to the viewers. Works Cited Crabtree, D. (1993, November). Importance of History. Retrieved October 28, 2011, from McKenzie Study Center, an institute of Gutenburg College: http://www. mckenziestudycenter. org/2001/02/the-importance-of-history/

Addiction is a Disease Essay

Addiction is all around us. It may be that cup of coffee in the morning for the caffeine stimulation, the cigarette that is smoked for the nicotine, or an alcoholic drink used to relieve a stressful day or situation. For some, the addiction may not be to a substance, but to compulsive behaviors such as gambling, playing video games, or shopping. Consequences to addictions can impact an addict’s physical or mental state. Addiction can also have detrimental impact on the people that surround them. Watching a relationship fall apart because a person has an addiction to drugs, alcohol, or another addictive behavior is a sad thing to happen to anyone. Unfortunately, those with addictions usually won’t admit they even have a problem and that they need treatment until it is too late. Some addictions have less severe consequences, such as addiction to caffeine for the stimulation; others take it to the other end of the spectrum, such as using illegal drugs like cocaine or heroi n which completely deteriorates their physical and mental health. Addiction should be looked at as a disease because it is chronic and does not subside without treatment. Symptoms can be progressive, and just as disease surfaces repeatedly, addiction has a high level of relapse. Furthermore, addiction can be treated. Addiction is a disease whether it is an addiction to substances or certain behaviors. Addiction is a common word known to many, but many don’t realize that addiction is a disease. â€Å"Substance abuse has been conceptualized and generally accepted to be a disease resulting from a biologic vulnerability triggered by a combination of psychological, social, and environmental factors† (Vocaturo 393). Addiction and disease have corresponding definitions. More commonly a disease is thought of as an illness of the body or something we acquire involuntarily such as diabetes, cancer or Alzheimer’s. â€Å"If addiction is truly compulsive and addictive action is not voluntary, then addiction has a much stronger claim to be a disease† (Perring 194). According to dictionary.com, disease is defined as, â€Å"a disordered or incorrectly functioning part of the body resulting from the effect of genetic or developmental errors, infection, poisons, nutritional deficiency or imbalance, toxicity, or unfavorable environmental factors; illness; sickness; ailment or any harmful, depraved, or morbid condition, as of the mind or society.† Addiction is a mental disease. According to  Dictionary.com, addiction is defined as, â€Å"the state of being enslaved to a habit or practice or to something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming, as narcotics, to such an extent that its cessation causes severe trauma.† Behavioral addictions are compulsive actions with examples being gambling, shopping, video gaming, and those with OCD. â€Å"The behavior has an effect of decreasing anxiety and result in a positive mood state or high, similar to substance intoxication† (J.E. Grant et al 234). What happens in the brain during addiction is that the brain learns poor coping mechanism for stressful or unfavorable situations. In the brain, a series of events happen during addiction. Addictions are a coping mechanism which plays a role in the reward system felt in the brain. The brain’s dopamine system transports serotonin, the good feel hormone. Whatever the addiction, it causes a chemical in the brain called dopamine to surpass normal levels which results to feelings of pleasure. â€Å"The most integrative and common feature of addictive agents is their capacity to cause psychomotor activation. This most common feature is seen as forward locomotion which is the unconditional response to positive reinforcement† (Calabrese 599). This then causes the brain to want it over and over again. Although there are different kinds of addiction, all have a common goal: to make a person feel good. This then becomes more important to a person than anything else despite the consequences. The brain then becomes reliant on this false surge in dopamine brought on by the addiction, and the brain’s ability to naturally produce dopamine greatly decreases. This then results in lack of control when the same outcome can no longer be established. This leads to increasing dosage or behavior to try and achieve the same high or to possibly better it. Substance addictions leave the body constantly craving a good feeling despite the consequences they may have. In order to understand the real mentality of someone with addiction/s is to examine a person in a philosophical and psychological way. All types of addictions should be looked at from a philosophical and psychological point of view. Those in the fields of neuroscience, psychology and philosophy often compare their views to show the similarities of addictions whether they be substance induced or behavioral. â€Å"Behavioral science experts believe that all entities capable of stimulating a person can be addictive; and whenever a habit changes into an obligation, it can be considered as addiction† (Alaghemandan  et al 290). Some addictions can affect people physically. Caffeine and nicotine provide prime examples. The body’s physical state becomes dependent on its effects and causes withdrawal symptoms without use. One of the main differences in behavioral and substance addictions is that behavioral addictions have no apparent physiological or physical withdrawal symptoms. It is not the physical body that is addicted, but the feeling that one gets mentally. The physical body is only affected by the dependency of the substance itself, while the addiction itself is more damaging psychologically. Addiction isn’t about will power. When looking at addiction for a neurological point of view, there are a series of chemical reactions going on. Dopamine is a good-feel hormone produced in the brain when satisfaction is gained chemically by substances or by a self-gratifying act. When substances such as drugs and alcohol are used or certain behaviors are performed, a person experiences an unnatural high, so to speak, which is many times greater than the natural reward system produced in the brain. Some individuals may be more susceptible to getting hooked on this feeling. Certain people can be specifically more vulnerable than others to taking on an addiction. The vulnerability to addiction can be due to their genetic dispositions. â€Å"With prominent advances in whole genome sequencing, the search for genetic variations underlying drug addiction is continuing at an escalating pace; however, genetic factors likely explain about fifty percent of the risk for addiction† (Maze and Nestor 99). Some believe that one can have an addictive personality. An addictive personality will always be susceptible to having at least one kind of addiction. Quite subsequently, an addictive personality type is addicted to addiction itself. If one addiction was given up, another one would be taken on, moreover, it is commonly found for an addicted person to be addicted to several addictions at the same time. This increases the level of the individual suffering, and no matter what the addict ion, it disrupts the brain’s natural reward system, which is the route to a pleasurable feeling. The addiction itself is the mental state created from taking on any addiction. â€Å"Studies have shown that those with behavioral addictions and those with substance use disorders both score high on a self-report measure of impulsivity and sensation-seeking and generally low on measures of harm avoidance† (J.E. Grant Et Al 234). It is extremely hard for a person addicted to a substance or behavior to break the  addictive cycle. Getting over addiction is dependent on the type of addiction. Trying to break certain addictions may be simply in avoiding a social environment that may tempt a person towards a certain addiction. Others may benefit from medications and psychological treatment. Research has shown, regardless of whether behavioral or substance addiction, replacing or substituting with a positive beneficial addiction to start learning to associate a positive coping mechanism to the triggers that onset the addiction. It is difficult to overcome, and an addict is always going want to feel good with an act or substance. While the severity differs between addictions, some are manageable in day to day life, while others have catastrophic effect in their lives which is why addictions should be treated as a disease. There are many attempted treatments that are sought after in breaking addictions. Some people may go to counseling sessions and some go to support meetings which help them realize the adverse effects the addiction has brought into their lives. Behavioral therapy is another way treatment is sought out. In behavioral therapy, the addiction does not need to be specific to one drug or behavior, but is used to address the use of multiple addictions. It is the disease of addiction that the therapy addresses. Other therapies are pharmaceutically administered to relieve the feeling one may get from a substance. Medications are less prescribed with compulsive disorders; however, it is believed that if the addiction was brought on by depression and/or anxiety, prescribing medication can be helpful to alleviate these symptoms. A combination of behavioral therapy and medication has been seen as helpful as well. Therapy should be an ongoing process for someone with addictions. There will always be triggers that could possibly cause a relapse. There is great difficulty in giving up an addiction without taking on another. Can an addict ever not have an addiction or can it ever be learned to live without addiction? Relapse is the reason addiction is a chronic disease. While some addictions can be tolerated, others unfortunately have detrimental effects on their lives. In order to achieve a successful long term recovery, treatment sought out should address the specifics of each individual’s needs. Changes must occur in one’s life that is physical, social, and psychological in order to be successful in recovery. â€Å"Although different factors will determine someone’s vulnerability to addiction, integrating individual vulnerability to  addiction across different research disciplines is likely to provide the greatest advances for intervention and prevention efforts† ( Le Moal and Swendsen 73). But the question still remains, why would someone continue to choose an addiction over their own health? Addiction is an extremely powerful disease. The mind should always overcome the body which is why some people speculate that addiction is a choice and not a disease. However, is addiction really just a choice? â€Å"Most of the best-known criticisms of the disease concept have argued that addiction is not a disease because addictive behavior is voluntary† (Perring 194). An exercise addict may dispute the term disease in their addiction. Although their behavior is compulsive, exercise is indeed a very healthy habit to have and does wonders for the body. An exercise addiction may be healthy; however, those who must exercise each and every day regardless of need, are still exhibiting compulsive behaviors. In their mind this activity must be performed each and every day no matter what. â€Å"If you are an exercise addict, it is quite obvious that some of the effects of this particular addiction are positive† (Round Table 7). Exercise is the most contradictory of all the addictions. Mentally they are addicted to the act, but addiction is still a disease, not a choice. There are two areas of the brain that involve choice. The first area is the ventral striatum, or nucleus acumens, which is a structure that motivates a person to go after a goal that they may have or want. This is where addiction and cravings come from. The second area is called the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. This area is what considers consequences of the actions. There are impulses that go from one area to the other through synapses. Triggers can cause alterations of these impulses. They are altered the most by the cycle of addictive thoughts and behaviors. Choice can be thought of as an adaptive process. Brains adapt to our experiences, so the choices that are made change with time. Addiction is an experience to which the brain also adapts, but too rapidly, too thoroughly, and too permanently. Understanding these neural changes is essential for understanding how â€Å"choice† gets hijacked by addiction. That doesn’t make addiction a brain disease. It’s more of corrupted learning process or a nasty adaptation. And like any other adaptation, it is the foundation of the fleshy hardware we carry around in our heads. While it is true that the addict may have a choice in whether or not to use drugs or to give in to  behaving a certain way, craving is not a choice. If a craving gets bad enough, even the strongest willed person gives in to their addiction. The brain strives to survive and this cannot be ignored. A big reason why skeptics view addiction as a choice is the inability to truly understand the realness of cravings in addiction. While some may speculate that addiction is a choice, addiction is a disease and should be treated as such. Addiction has many defining terms that correlate to disease. Addiction to substances or behaviors produce uncontrollable cravings to which one cannot ignore. Addiction is extremely hard to overcome for anyone but can be treated with th e correct type of therapy much like other diseases. Whether a person is addicted to caffeine, nicotine, drugs, alcohol, gambling, exercise, or any other compulsive behavior, their addiction is a disease. Works Cited â€Å"Addiction.† Dictionary.com, LLC. (2012) Web. 27 Sept. 2012 http://www.dictionary.com. Alagheandan, Hamed, Seyyed Salman Alavi, Mehdi Eslami, Masoud Ferdosi, Fereshte Jannatifard, and Mehrdad Setare. â€Å"Behavioral Addiction versus Substance Addiction: Correspondence of Psychiatric and Psychological Views.† International Journal of Preventive Medicine 3.4 (April 2012). Web. 27 Sept 2012. Calabrese, E.J. â€Å"Addiction and Dose Response: The Phsychomoor Stimulant Theory of Addiction Reveals that Hormetic Dose Responses are Dominant.† Informa Healthcare (2008) Web. 27 Sept. 2012 â€Å"Disease.† Dictionary.com, LLC (2012) Web. 27 Sept. 2012 http://www.dictionary.com. Gorelick, David A., Jon E. Grant, Marc. N. Ptenza, and Aviv Weinstein. â€Å"Introduction to Behavioral Addictions.† American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse (2010).Web. 27 Sept. 2012. Maze, Ian, and Eric J. Nestler. â€Å"The Epigenetic Landscape of Addiction.† Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1216.1 (Jan. 2011). Web. 27 Sept. 2012. Moal, Michel Le, and Joel Swendsen.â€Å"Individual Vulnerability to Addiction.† Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2011). Web. 27 Sept. 2012. Perring, Christian. â€Å"Bridging the Gap between Philosophers of Mind and Brain Researchers: The Example of Addiction.† Brain, Mind and Consciousness 2011). Web. 27 Sept. 2012. â€Å"Round Table: When is an addict not an addict?† New Statesman (18 May 2007). Web. 27 Sept. 2012. Vocaturo, Loran C.. â€Å"Substance Abuse.† Medical Management of Adults with Neurologic Disabilities (2009). Web. 27 Sept. 2012.

Porter’s Diamond Model For China

The assembly industry uses the advance factors to take the advantage over the other countries. This is because they have more educated workforce, this will help them to do their work at more sophisticated way with better technological improvements, and mainly at cheaper cost which is the biggest advantage for assembly industry till now. Government investment in advance factors has also provided the industry with many educated workers, as result benefitting the assembly industry as a whole.If the domestic demand rises this will overall put the pressure on the assembly industry to come up with new designs and more innovative technologies to take the assembly industry to new level. As a result other companies like Nokia, Sony, HP who were already related with the china assembly industry they will be impressed with this new improvements, thus attracting other company’s also towards the China assembly industry.Because of these vast improvements of the assembly industry many domesti c firms are now encouraged to invest more creating more advance factors, so that it helps the industry to become more successful. This as a result creates a competitive advantage for the industry. Thus giving rise to more competition, and improving the product or services more. Different countries have different management ideologies.As it is an assembly industry more technologically related managers are needed to manage the industry like engineers should be there at the top level so that they will understand the best which machines to use, or which is more updated so that they can run the industry more well. Overall this will keep the industry in pace with others, hence they will be able to provide better services, attracting more foreign companies, and will also be able to hold their position at the peak. Porter’s Diamond Model For China The assembly industry uses the advance factors to take the advantage over the other countries. This is because they have more educated workforce, this will help them to do their work at more sophisticated way with better technological improvements, and mainly at cheaper cost which is the biggest advantage for assembly industry till now. Government investment in advance factors has also provided the industry with many educated workers, as result benefitting the assembly industry as a whole.If the domestic demand rises this will overall put the pressure on the assembly industry to come up with new designs and more innovative technologies to take the assembly industry to new level. As a result other companies like Nokia, Sony, HP who were already related with the china assembly industry they will be impressed with this new improvements, thus attracting other company’s also towards the China assembly industry.Because of these vast improvements of the assembly industry many domesti c firms are now encouraged to invest more creating more advance factors, so that it helps the industry to become more successful. This as a result creates a competitive advantage for the industry. Thus giving rise to more competition, and improving the product or services more. Different countries have different management ideologies.As it is an assembly industry more technologically related managers are needed to manage the industry like engineers should be there at the top level so that they will understand the best which machines to use, or which is more updated so that they can run the industry more well. Overall this will keep the industry in pace with others, hence they will be able to provide better services, attracting more foreign companies, and will also be able to hold their position at the peak.

A History of Greece Essay

Western Civilization owes much of its development to Greek history because most of the current principles and knowledge of man was derived from this ancient culture. The foundations of mathematics, science, medicine, philosophy, politics and even the different forms of art nowadays were first established long before Christ was born in these Mediterranean islands. The Bronze Age (3000 BCE to 1100 BCE) Bronze became a heavily used metal in Greece during 3000 B. C. It was used to make different tools and ancient battle weapons that were all part of Greek daily life. The three great civilizations that are worth studying were born on different parts of Greece. The Minoans settled on Crete at around 2600 B. C. This community got its name from Minos, a legendary son of Zeus, who ruled Crete and rid it of sea pirates (Minos, 2007). By the year 2000 B. C. , these people were able to establish a very dynamic community life marked by favorable trade activities that helped make its citizens rich. The people of Minoa became known for their palaces and socio-economic political organization. The first evidence of Greek writing called Linear A, came from this period. There remain specific evidences that Minoans held great but peaceful influence over the islands of the Aegean despite being naval conquerors. At around 1500 B. C. , records seem to imply that a volcano on Santorini erupted which caused major earthquake and huge tidal waves that could have wiped out the Minoan civilization (Greeka, n. d. ). Mycaenaeans, another community evidenced to have come from the north in around 2000 B. C. , settled on the main island and became the center of trade after the reign of the Minoans. The previous centuries’ records show that these two civilizations had a complex relationship in that it had strong business connections to each other but were also competing in their dominance of the Mediterranean. However, with the sudden disappearance of the Minoan civilization, the Mycenaeans became the trade hub during the 1400 B. C. to 1200 B. C. with â€Å"much of the Minoan cultural tradition transferred to the main island† (Mycenaean Civilization, 2007). Some of their differences with the Minoans, however, were shown through their use of armors in battles and better fortified territories. Mycenaeans are also noted for their beards. The people of Mycenaea chose to live in smaller units or kingdoms but were united by one dialect. The story of the Trojan War seems to be based on some facts between the Mycenaeans and the â€Å"inhabitants of the Troad, or Troas, in Anatolia† which is now Turkey (Trojan War, 2007). There are indications that when Troad was afflicted by a terrible fire, the Mycenaeans wanted to conquer the city. The greatness of Mycenaean community ended at around 1200 B. C. when â€Å"crops began to fail and famine† gripped Greece (Ancient Greeks, n. d. ), This caused â€Å"peasant rebellions and internal warfare (Greeka, n. d. ). The Cycladic community began in the different isles of the Aegean which were in the middle of Crete and mainland Greece. The Cyclade area was a vital location because it was the Greece’s business connection to the rest of Europe and Asia from which the Greeks learned many of their agricultural practices. This time period was characterized by a very fast growth in population and very dynamic development in all aspects of society. Sculpture using marble and pottery were popular art forms during this period in this area of Greece. The Dark Ages (1100 B. C. to 800 B. C. ) The Dark Ages are called so because little evidence could indicate what happened during this time frame. There are some findings that Dorians, a Greek-speaking tribe from the North, may have caused the decline of Mycenaean civilization. â€Å"The Dorians kept power entirely to themselves, creating a ruling military class which they solely occupied’ (Dorian, 2007). It seems that the centralized systems were broken and that monarchies dominated the political structure. This period’s significant contribution to Greek history, however, seems to show that it was at this time when Homer wrote the Iliad which included the epic of the Trojan War (Greeka, n. d. ). Archaic Period (800B. C. to 500 B. C. ) During the Archaic Period, Aristocratic Republics replaced the political structure of Greek civilization and foreign influence abound. It is during this time that human and mythological figures began to appear in different art forms. The first Olympic game was held in 776 B. C. wherein a cook named Koroibas won the 600 foot race called stadion (The Games, n. d. ). These festivals were held for the God on Mount Olympus, Zeus. People felt that Greece at his point in time, was overpopulated and began to migrate to other European territories bringing with them their advanced culture. Coins became a currency at around 600 B. C. (Ancient Greek Civilizations, 2003) due to the influence of traders from Asia Minor where the first coin was supposedly made. Panathenaic festivals became popular sometime in 566 B. C. This very important occasion celebrated for numerous days sometime between July and August, supposedly Athena’s birthday, was well-anticipated because anyone can join except for slaves. It consisted of contests, processions and sacrifices (The Panathenaic Festival, n. d. ). Democracy Another very significant contribution of this period is the birth of democracy in Athens at around 508 B. C. There were two types of people in Greece. Men who were born in the city they resided in were called citizens while all other individuals are considered non-citizens. Only citizens have the choice of politicians and vote in plebiscites. There were large conventions called â€Å"The Assembly† that must be attended by at least 6, 000 citizens before it was considered official enough to be heard by the government. This meeting was done regularly wherein citizens may address their concerns regarding laws that needed to be implemented. A body of law-makers called Council was made up of 500 citizens which was changed annually. The members held the task of making new laws and debated on how these could be best implemented. Life in Greece There was an â€Å"agora† in the middle of each Greek city (Ancient Greeks, n. d. ) which was sort of like a town square wherein merchants can trade their various goods whether native or foreign. This was the center of commerce wherein anyone, even foreigners, was allowed to buy what they wanted. It was also where men may hang out to with friends, know the latest political announcement or trade views with foreigners. Very few women could be seen in the agora and they were mostly female slaves who have been sent by their rich masters to shop for market goods. The most important infrastructure of the city were built around the agora. Because of the hot climate, Greeks prefer to wear light clothes which are evidenced on the carvings that present-day archeologists have been able to study. Depending on the warmth, some men even prefer to wear only their loincloth. During cold weather, they place a cloak over their normal clothes which are tunics or â€Å"chitons† – square shaped textile that are held at the shoulders using pins and around the waist by belts (Ancient Greeks, n. d. ). Women often wore a fancier shorter version called a peplos that was worn on top of the chiton. To take off boredom, these tunics were usually dyed and embroidered according to tastes. Protection for the feet was usually used when outside of the house and these came in the form of sandals and leather boots. Brooches and pins were necessary jewelry to fasten their chitons. The women adored every form of jewelry. The wealthy females also used make-up and allowed their slaves to fix their hair according to what was in fashion. At around 500 B. C. , men saw it fashionable to wear beards and short hair styles. Greek women family members usually shared the tasks of cooking but the wealthier ones could hire slaves to handle the responsibility. The diet was a merry mixture of fruits and vegetables during the summer and dried versions during the winter. Sometimes, the families are able to store enough fruit and make cheeses in summer months which could be enough to tide them over the winter. Those who were near the sea enjoyed its produce as long as the weather permitted a catch. Meat was considered to be an expensive food and the poor of society cannot afford it. When occasions do allow the impoverished to eat meat, they take advantage of the situation to eat every edible part†¦even the brains. The Role of Women in Greece Women enjoyed very little freedom in Greek society. Only wealthy women were allowed to get music or writing lessons at home. Only the rich seven year old boys were sent to the gymnasium (school) and returned after eight years to wait for another three years to become citizens. However, girls were not allowed to get education outside of the confines of her house. Much of a girl’s knowledge in music, dancing, cooking and weaving are imparted by their mothers. They were expected to follow whatever their husbands or fathers asked. A girl can get married even when she is just fifteen years old and is expected not to go back to her former home anymore. It is the wife’s responsibility to run the chores of the house and ensure the good services of the slaves. Because the streets were considered unsafe, most women are tied down to spend most of their time at home. Every now and then, the husband may give the woman a reprieve from boredom by taking her to the theater or allowing her to be accompanied outside the house by a male servant. Aside from doing housework, women made the clothes, blankets and whatever textile needs of their families. They also were expected to prepare the food needed for winter. How the Gods Influenced Greece The Greeks believed in many gods and built temples for each one. Each god was powerful up to a certain extent depending on what they ruled on: Poseidon was the god of the Sea, Hades ruled the underworld, Hera was the goddess of youth, Aris was the god of war, Athena was the goddess of wisdom, Apollo was the god of truth, and many more. Whenever misfortune beset them, the Greeks believed that these were caused by the gods’ anger. The temples were usually constructed on hilltops to show that the god or goddess was protecting their community. The area on which a temple is built is called acropolis. One can tell the riches of the city by looking at its temples. The wealthy ones built their temples using stone and had many different forms of artwork to beautify it. Each temple had a huge statue of the god or goddess. Athens built their statue of Athena using ivory and gold (Ancient Greeks, n. d. ). Sacrifice offerings such as food and animals were placed on a table within the temple before the individual pursues to worship his god in the courtyard which had an altar. Intellectual Growth in Greece Although the Greeks attributed most of the occurrences of their daily lives to the activities of the gods, at around 500 B. C. , they began to find out more about the world. Philosophers and many scholars who thirsted for more knowledge regarding mathematics, medicine, astronomy and geography lived during this time. Some of these famous people are Plato, who wrote about politics, Aristotle whose interest led him to discover many information on biology, Parmenides who hypothesized that the world was spherical, Archimedes who invented the Archimedian screw that spiraled irrigation to high farmlands and Phythagoras who is still popular in the mathematical arena for his right angles. The Abode Most homes in Greece at that time were made of stone or clay. There were bungalows and two-storey houses with roofs made of tiles or reeds. The flooring was also made of tiles to ensure the cool temperature inside the houses. These houses were built in the middle of courtyards with walls and a sturdy gate. Altars were not only found to be in the temples but also within the courtyards of the houses as well. This was where the family members can worship their gods and leave their food and wine as offerings. Wood was the primary element used to make furniture but these can sometimes be accentuated with ivory and different metals. More families lived in the rural areas compared to the cities wherein the rich usually prefer to reside. The wealthy may have residences in the city while their servants take the responsibility of maintaining their countryside homes. The poorer farmers had the help of the children to do the agricultural chores such as herding sheep and goats or ploughing the fields. Crops like grapes and olives grew well in the stony land but wheat to make bread had to be bought from Egyptians. These grapes either became raisins or wine while the olives became oil or pickles. Farmers also took care of farm animals because they are excellent sources of basic needs like clothing, milk and meat. The Persian Wars The Persian Wars began to affect Greek life in 490 BC, â€Å"with a Persian invasion in Greece led by Darius the Great of Thrace† (History of Ancient Greece, n. d. ). Darius’ army was almost crushed by his first attempt to conquer the Danube if not for the Ionian Greeks who were his allies at that time. However, this made the Ionians realize that they should rebel from the empire and they asked for the support of the other city-states to go against Persia. This started the popularly known Ionian Revolt. Only the Athenians gave ships to the effort and were able to win the war. The Persians proudly retaliated, recaptured their supremacy in the battle of Lade in 494 B. C. and destroyed the city of Miletus by massacring or enslaving the inhabitants (Setzer, n. d. ). Angered by the Athenian bravado, Darius sought to battle on mainland Greece at around 492 B. C. but the ship that held his army became badly hit by a storm. Another fleet was sent and this time, Eretria was completely destroyed. The next target was Athens and the army went onshore at Marathon which led towards Athens. The Athenians tried to ask Spartans for help but due to â€Å"a religious festival, the Spartans were detained, and the 10,000 Athenians had to face the Persians aided only by 1,000 men from Plataea† (Greco-Persian Wars, 2007). However, the Athenians under the leadership of ten generals including Miltiades, were able to block this attempt which made the Persians retreat and reorganize to try and attack from the Saronic Belf. They were surprised to find the Athenian army back in their territory and ready to fight them again. The Persians went back to Asia Minor, defeated. A runner was sent to Athens to deliver the good news and this was how the Marathon Race got its name (The Persian War, n. d. ). After a decade from the first attempt of invasion, Darius’ son, Xerxes took the throne of Persian Emperor and wanted to target Greece. His strategy involved less violence because instead of attacking head on, he decided it would be best to send envoys to start negotiating with the different cities to surrender without battle. He constructed a bridge at Hellespont and ensured that a canal was dug across the isthmus to protect his army from storms while rounding the Cape of Mount Athos (Setzer, n. d. ). He collected his troops from every satrapy (territory within the Persian Empire) which numbered about 150,000 of the best soldiers from Persia and Mede while his naval fleet had about 1200 ships that were prepared against an estimated 300 brave warriors from Athens and Sparta. The large army of the Persians resulted to a slower pace in their attack and this gave the Greeks a chance to plan out their defense (Greco-Persian Wars, 2007). The different cities of Greece held a meeting to plan their defense which resulted to the delegation of the army to Sparta while Athens was in-charge of the navy fleet under Themistocles, an Athenian statesman (Kreis, 2006). They also consulted the Delphic Oracle. The oracle of Delphi was at Mount Parnassus where a Pythia (woman supposedly used by the God Apollo as his medium) could be asked to predict answers to their questions (Roach, 2001). The Pythia foretold that they would lose the battle and that their only chance of success was through a wooden wall. There were so many interpretations that could mean â€Å"wooden wall† but in the end, the Athenians took it to imply that the wooden walls were their ships. The Spartans suggested that the only way to position themselves well against the great army of Persia was by blocking them at the Isthmus of Corinth. The Athenians and authorities from Central Greece did not agree because their territories will be pillaged by the Persians before they reach the Isthmus of Corinth. However, Evaenetus, commander of the 10,000 Hoplites who decided to help Greece agreed with Sparta and so the minute number of soldiers repositioned themselves at the Isthmus of Corinth. The Spartans and Hoplites were at an advantageous position in Thermopylae until a â€Å"traitorous Greek led a Persian force through the hills to the rear of the Greek forces† (Kreis, 2006) for a surprise attack that led to a massacre. On the naval side, the Athenians left their city which allowed the Persians to burn it. Themistocles realized that battling with the Persians in the open sea will make them lose because of their minute number. He realized that the only way to win against the Persians was to turn their large army into their own handicap. This he did in the Battle of Salamis – a very narrow strait between Athens and the Island of Salamis. â€Å"He sent his best slave to Xerxes to tell him that the Greek navy was retreating to the Isthmus of Corinth to form a combined force with the army† (Moerbeek, 1998). He tricked Xerxes by sending a misleading message that the time of the Persian army to attack was at hand. Xerxes then allowed his unsuspecting contingent to enter the strait between Athens and the island of Salamis where a surprise attack by the Greeks was waiting for them. This caused the eventual defeat of the Persians. By 479 B. C. , the Greek forces had all conquered the Persian army and navy (Kreis, 2006). Conclusion The fast paced development of civilization owes its foundations to the very intelligent and industrious Greeks. Every aspect of modern day life has its roots on Ancient Greek mathematics, logic, philosophy, science, art and even politics. Wars were intelligently won through cunning minds and not annihilating weaponry. Our modern world can truly learn so much just by looking at its past. References Ancient Greek Civilizations. (2003). In Minnesota State University Mankato Online. Retrieved June 11, 2007, from http://www. mnsu. edu/emuseum/prehistory/aegean/timeline. html Ancient Greeks. (n. d. ). In Anglia Campus Online. Retrieved June 11, 2007, from http://www. angliacampus. com/public/pri/history/greeks/index. htm Dorian. (2007). In Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. eb. com:180/cgi-bin/g? DocF=micro/175/77. html Greco-Persian Wars. (2007). In Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/ebc/article-9037907 Greeka. (n. d. ). Greece History: Stone – Bronze Age. Retrieved June 11, 2007, from http://www. greeka. com/greece-stone-bronze-age. htm History of Ancient Greece. (n. d. ). In Think Quest. Retrieved June 11, 2007, from http://library. thinkquest. org/10805/history-g. html Kreis, S. (2006). Lecture 7: Classical Greece. In The History Guide. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from http://www. historyguide. org/ancient/lecture7b. html Minos. (2007). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved June 11, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9052881 Moerbeek, M. (1998). Warfare in Hellas. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from http://monolith. dnsalias. org/~marsares/warfare/battle/salamis. html Mycenaean Civilization. In The Columbia Electronic Encyclopledia, 6th ed. Retrieved June 11, 2007, from http://www. infoplease. com/ce6/history/A0834633. html The Panathenaic Festival. (n. d. ). Brooklyn College Classics Department. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from http://depthome. brooklyn. cuny. edu/classics/dunkle/athnlife/rligious. htm The Persian War. (n. d. ). In Think Quest. Retrieved June 11, 2007, from http://library. think quest. org/CR0210200/ancient_greece/persian_war. htm Roach, J. (2001). Delphic Oracle’s Lips May Have Been Loosened by Gas Vapors. In National Geographic News. Retrieved June 11, 2007, from http://news. nationalgeographic. com/ news/2001/08/0814_delphioracle. html Setzer, T. (n. d. ). The Persian Invasion of Greece. Retrieved June 11, 2007, from http://www. cais- soas. com/CAIS/History/hakhamaneshian/greece_invasion. htm Trojan War. (2007). In Encarta Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 11, 2007, from Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia: http://encarta. msn. com