My Paper on Interprenual School of Thought Essay Example for Free

My Paper on Interprenual School of Thought Essay Business is an idea which is characterized from various perspectives. The word business visionary methods an individual who attempts from the French expression called eneteprendre. Regarding business, the term business person implies beginning a business. A business visionary is an individual who oversees, arranges, and assumes control over all the endeavor or business dangers. Different definitions incorporate an individual who has high desire and fitness to start change is known as a business visionary. The enterprising way of thinking depends on vision: a psychological portrayal of procedure made or if nothing else communicated in the leader of the pioneer as point of view, explicitly a feeling of long haul bearing of associations future and a sound vision and visionary CEO can help association in fierce occasions or in extremely troublesome years for the association likewise it have deficiencies that holding tight the wellbeing and impulse of single individual, the demise or medical issue of that individual outcome in emergency of association. nd one of present day effective business visionary and its vital moves toward the way of thinking is talked about. Recorded foundation of the school Throughout the hypothetical history of business enterprise, researchers from numerous controls in the sociologies have wrestled with a various arrangement of translations and definitions to conceptualize this theoretical thought. After some time, a few scholars have recognized business enterprise with the capacity of vulnerability bearing, others with the coordination of profitable assets, others with the presentation of development, and still others with the arrangement of capital (Hoselitz, 1952). Despite the fact that specific subjects consistently reemerge since the commencement of business enterprise hypothesis, by and by there is no single meaning of enterprise that is acknowledged by all financial specialists or that is appropriate in each economy. In spite of the fact that there is just restricted agreement about the characterizing qualities of enterprise, the idea is nearly as old as the proper control of financial aspects itself. The term business visionary was first presented by the mid eighteenth century French financial specialist Richard Cantillon. In his works, he officially characterizes the business visionary as the specialist who purchases methods for creation at specific costs so as to join them into another item (Schumpeter, 1951). Presently, the French financial expert J. B. State added to Cantillons definition by including that business visionaries must be pioneers. State asserts that a business visionary is one who unites others so as to fabricate a solitary beneficial creature (Schumpeter, 1951). Throughout the following century, British financial specialists, for example, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill quickly addressed the idea of enterprise, however they alluded to it under the expansive English term of business the executives. Though the compositions of Smith and Ricardo recommend that they likely underestimated the significance of enterprise, Mill makes a special effort to stretch the essentialness of business for monetary development. In his works, Mill guarantees that business requires no common ability, and he mourns the way that there is nothing but bad English comparable word to include the particular importance of the French expression business visionary (Schumpeter, 1951). The need of enterprise for creation was first o fficially perceived by Alfred Marshall in 1890. In his well known treatise Principles of Economics, Marshall declares that there are four components of creation: land, work, capital, and association. Association is the planning factor, which unites different components, and Marshall accepted that enterprise is the driving component behind association. By innovatively sorting out, business visionaries make new items or improve the arrangement of delivering an old ware (Marshall, 1994). So as to do this, Marshall accepted that business people must have an exhaustive comprehension about their enterprises, and they should be normal pioneers. Furthermore, Marshalls business people must be able to predict changes in flexibly and request and be happy to follow up on such dangerous estimates without complete data (Marshall, 1994). Like Mill, Marshall recommends that the abilities related with enterprise are uncommon and restricted in flexibly. He asserts that the capacities of the business visionary are so incredible thus various that not many individuals can show them all in a high degree (1994). Marshall, in any case, infers that individuals can be educated to procure the capacities that are important to be a business visionary. Sadly, the open doors for business visionaries are frequently restricted by the financial condition which encompasses them. Also, despite the fact that business people share some regular capacities, all business visionaries are extraordinary, and their victories rely upon the monetary circumstances wherein they endeavor their undertakings (Marshall, 1994). Since the hour of Marshall, the idea of business has kept on experiencing hypothetical development. For instance, while Marshall accepted business was essentially the main thrust behind association, numerous financial analysts today, yet surely not all, accept that enterprise is without anyone else the fourth factor of creation that organizes the other three (Arnold, 1996). Shockingly, albeit numerous financial specialists concur that business enterprise is essential for monetary development, they keep on bantering over the real job that business people play in creating financial development. One way of thinking on enterprise recommends that the job of the business person is that of a hazard carrier despite vulnerability and defective data. Knight asserts that a business person will bear the danger of another endeavor on the off chance that he accepts that there is a noteworthy possibility revenue driven (Swoboda, 1983). Albeit numerous present speculations on business enterprise concur that there is an inalienable segment of hazard, the hazard carrier hypothesis alone can't clarify why a few people become business people while others don't. For instance, following from Knight, Mises asserts any individual who bears the danger of misfortunes or any sort of vulnerability could be called a business visionary under this restricted meaning of the business person as the hazard conveyor (Swoboda, 1983). Hence, so as to fabricate an improvement model of business enterprise it is important to take a gander at a portion of different attributes that help clarify why a few people are business visionaries; hazard might be a factor, yet it isn't the one and only one. Another cutting edge way of thinking claims that the job of the business person is that of a pioneer; be that as it may, the meaning of advancement is still broadly begging to be proven wrong. Kirzner recommends that the procedure of development is really that of unconstrained undeliberate learning (Kirzner, 1985, 10). Consequently, the fundamental attribute of the business visionary is sharpness, and no natural aptitudes other than that of perceiving openings are essential. Different financial experts in the advancement school side more with Mill and Marshall than with Kirzner; they guarantee that business people have exceptional abilities that empower them to partake during the time spent development. Along this line, Leibenstein claims that the prevailing, essential quality of business visionaries is that they are hole fillers: they can see where the market fizzles and to grow new products or procedures that the market requests yet which are not presently being provided. In this way, Leibenstein sets that business visionaries have the exceptional capacity to interface various markets and compensate for advertise disappointments and insufficiencies. Also, drawing from the early hypotheses of Say and Cantillon, Leibenstein proposes that business visionaries can join different contributions to new advancements so as to fulfill unfulfilled market request (Leibenstein, 1995). Albeit numerous financial analysts acknowledge the possibility that business visionaries are trend-setters, it tends to be hard to apply this hypothesis of enterprise to less created nations (LDCs). Regularly in LDCs, business visionaries are not genuinely trend-setters in the customary feeling of the word. For instance, business visionaries in LDCs once in a while produce spic and span items; rather, they mirror the items and creation forms that have been designed somewhere else on the planet (commonly in created nations). This procedure, which happens in created nations too, is called imaginative impersonation (Drucker, 1985) The term shows up at first dumbfounding; nonetheless, it is very enlightening of the procedure of development that really happens in LDCs. Imaginative impersonation happens when the imitators better see how a development can be applied, utilized, or sold in their specific market specialty (to be specific their own nations) than do the individuals who really made or found the first advancement. In this manner, the advancement procedure in LDCs is regularly that of mirroring and adjusting, rather than the conventional idea of new item or procedure disclosure and improvement. As the above conversation illustrates, all through the development of business enterprise hypothesis, various researchers have placed various qualities that they accept are basic among most business visionaries. By joining the above unique hypotheses, a summed up set of business enterprise characteristics can be created. All in all, business visionaries are hazard bearers, facilitators and coordinators, hole fillers, pioneers, and trailblazers or imaginative imitators. Despite the fact that this rundown of attributes is in no way, shape or form completely thorough, it can help clarify why a few people become business visionaries while others don't. Subsequently, by empowering these characteristics and capacities, governments can hypothetically change their countrys flexibly of local business enterprise. (David Burnett, thechnoprenurial. com September 2000) Principle substance of the school The most focal idea of this school is vision: a psychological portrayal of technique made or possibly communicated in the leader of the pioneer as point of view, explicitly a feeling of long haul dir

A&P by John Updike Essay Example for Free

AP by John Updike Essay The short story entitled â€Å"AP† by John Updike was distributed in 1961 and affirmed the author’s notoriety as an ace of detail. In all actuality, the creator just communicated the soul of the 1960s, which incorporates debauchery, changes of nation and society, which rose certain individuals, yet profoundly ruined others, also vulnerability in the following day. The short story in this way uncovers different settings, which can all be attached to its title. The current paper is proposed to examine the story according to its short and basic title.  The plot of the short story happens in a commonplace supermarket â€Å"AP† and is described by the hero, 19-year-old Sammy, who works there as a checker. â€Å"One Thursday evenings the store is vacant generally. The main individuals that entomb the store are elderly person and lady with six kids whom he alludes both to as sheep, when three young ladies stroll in dressed with nothing more that swimming outfits. This grabs his attention and he watches them intently and concentrates every last one of them with extraordinary detail† (Luscher, 1993, p. 168). Besides, the young recognizes the pioneer of the gathering and alludes to her as Queenie, as she appears to carry on with extraordinary fearlessness and social fitness, and the two different young ladies just follow her. . Sammy knows about the way that the young ladies disregard the guidelines of this store concerning outfit, yet doesn’t start encounter until his chief Lengel, who illuminates the young ladies adjoin the inner principles of â€Å"AP†. Queenie states that they are not doing shopping, as they try to buy just a single item, yet Lengel still keeps censuring the young ladies for the maltreatment of the administrative approach. Queenie reacts that they are tolerable and don't mean to mishandle the other customers’ feelings concerning ethical quality. Sammy at last permits them to make a buy, yet watching the manager’s conduct, he presumes that he won't work for this shop any more and reports that heâ is stopping. Accordingly, the possibility of the short story hovers around the progress from pre-adulthood to adulthood and the development of the capacity to make one’s own ethical decisions, which can be free and autonomous from any repetitive conventions (Luscher, 1993). The time of immaturity is normally connected with the development of good examples, which may direct personal conduct standards to follow (Luscher, 1993). In this sense, the two his expert way of life as a worker of the AP and his mindfulness have been supported affected by two grown-ups: Stokesie, a significant provider in his family, and Lengel, the senior supervisor, whose profession started in this spot. Sammy, in this sense, looks to copy the casual conduct, exhibited by Stokesie, who shouts â€Å"Oh Daddy, I feel so faint!† (Updike, 2007, at http://www.tiger-town.com/whatnot/updike/). Additionally, â€Å"Sammy shaves away his days taking a gander at pretty young ladies and pondering the methods of individuals. He scarcely understands this is the manner by which he will spend his whole presence in the event that he doesn’t before long escape this activity. During this day that will demonstrate to transform him, he makes the progression towards his realization† (McFarland, 1983, p. 95). Truth be told, he starts from a regular workers family, as his folks served at mixed drink parties, and from the start he chose to make a profession, associated with the administration circle, however upon the arrival of contention with the three girls,â the adolescent starts to assemble his own superstructure over the establishment of feelings, forced by parental want to infiltrate into white collar class and by the relating esteems, which view work as the feeling of presence, paying little heed to the agent’s disposition towards this business (McFarland, 1983 ; Luscher, 1993). In this way, his opposition for store manager’s position at long last appears to him inconsequential, comparatively to the developments of the â€Å"sheep†, who cause deliberate activities (to do shopping) so as to fulfill their fundamental and not generally cognizant requirements. Sammy, despite what might be expected, starts hard psychological work on his own objectives and settles on his first cognizant choice to leave the activity. Moreover, the youngster appears to understand the obligation he should take for his activities. Truth be told, his subsequent good example, Langel, impacts this choice in the most remarkable way (McFarland, 1983; Porter, 1972). After Langel’s appearance at the scene, Sammy infers that he doesn’t wish to develop into such pompous and presumptuous director, who sees himself if all else fails in every ethical quandary and effectively joins preacher’s obligations with his expert responsibilities.â Langel features one expression in his caution: â€Å"This isn’t the beach† (Updike, 2007). Sammy accepts the manner in which the official immovably rehashes this expression look â€Å"as on the off chance that it had happened to him, and he had been thinking every one of these years the AP was a major sand and he was the head lifeguard† (Updike, 2007). As Porter notes, â€Å"his â€Å"sand dune† is the universe of work, while the girls’ is the universe of play† (Porter, 1972, p.1156). As one can comprehend, the main way to deal with the understanding of the title gets from the focal thought of the short story. In this sense, the AP seems a spot, where the protagonist’s mental development happens, soâ the accentuation upon the name of the shop can be affirmed as the author’s normal want to organize the settings, including the social setting (the attractive move starting with one social class then onto the next), which puts the fundamental character on his way to the understanding. Another way to deal with the title is tasteful or spatial. The writer may have looked to organize the spot itself as opposed to the most significant thought, fundamentally †so as to furnish the peruser with test condition, in which contemporary young people play out their working obligations. This implies, the idea of the AP as shop, which stores not only merchandise, yet additionally human destinies and desires, is likewise important and merits a progressively point by point assessment. Because of the way that this methodology requires centering upon faculties and discernment, it is imperative to incorporate the environment, portrayed by the creator. As McFarland notes, â€Å"to a huge degree, the stylish joy in â€Å"AP† relies on the reader’s detecting this emotional incongruity. Sammy’s words resound and increase importance through a bigger masterful setting out of which he comes (Updike’s information and creative mind) yet of which he, the imaginary character, is unaware† (McFarland, 1983, p. 96). Significantly, two researchers, McFarland (1983) and Shaw (1986) look at the strategy for building the connection between the symbolism and the protagonist’s inward world to the suggestion, portrayed in â€Å"The Birth of Venus† byâ Sanrdo Botticelli. Likewise to all Renaissance canvases, it delineates a bare lady, who originates from ocean soul. The hero additionally centers around the appearances of three females, who have just two-pieces on and accordingly to incredible degree look like to Renaissance examples of portraying female body. Besides, Sammy focuses his consideration on the pioneer of the gathering, who seems a sovereign in his eyes, due to her interesting advance, developments and motions. The hero completely fixes every one of these insights concerning the young lady and she appears to be a wellspring of stylish joy for the hero, instead of just an individual, who has a place with the contrary sexual orientation (Shaw, 1986) Sammy before long starts to depict the idea of womanliness and demonstrates that girls’ internal life is consistently a riddle for him. He overhauls his impression of the young lady, as the basic part of their appearance is the change of the air and the development of the soul of opportunity noticeable all around, instead of just the girls’ apparel and the manner in which they speak with each other. In Sammy’s feeling, Queenie fills the store with her emanation, included by enchant, self-assurance and straightforwardness. So as to improve the reader’s comprehension of every one of these radiations, which immersed the settlement, Sammy gracefully depicts the little youngster: â€Å"If it hadn’t been there you wouldn’t have known there could have been anything more white than those shoulders† (Updike, 2007). The protagonist’s portrayal of Queenie to certain degree reminds Venus by Botticelli: white body, high shoulders, exposed feet and pride in the eyes.â When the young lady carries her buy to the clerk, Sammy feels as though he has recently been picked by Fortune (Shaw, 1986): â€Å"Queenie puts down the container and I bring it into my fingers frigid cold: Kingfish Fancy herring Snacks in Pure Sour Cream: 49. Presently her hands are vacant, not a ring or an arm band, exposed as God made them, and I wonder where the cash is coming from† (Updike, 2007). The careful portrayal all things considered, related with the girls’ visit to the shop suggests that the occasion was so important to the hero that he retained it totally, basically, on account of the strange adjustment of the spot into the scene or field of dramatic execution. After Langel stands up to the young lady, the feeling of showiness strengthens, as the chief expressly assumes greetings proficient job, though the young lady acts normally and seems a â€Å"positive character† of the play. The young lady, likewise to the Greek goddess in the old writing, moves the hero and brings him into an alternate element of cognizance, essentially throughâ taking an interest in the influenced scene, started by the official, which in actuality happens at the working environments like the AP. Sammy in this way comprehends the administration zone transforms workers into dull manikins, which perform uncreative occupation and repress motivation, encapsulated by Queenie (Shaw, 1986). After the young lady leaves,

Ecofeminism: The Feminism of Ecology Essay examples -- Ecofeminism

There are many, various persecutions all through human culture that are complicatedly woven together and interconnected. A significant number of these abuses are framed inside a male centric, Christian philosophy and include the body: the collection of Earth, the groups of ladies, the assemblage of creatures. Sallie McFague sets up a model of bodies to help break these associated mistreatments. McFague’s work underscores that the body and its mistreatments are what associates Christian philosophy, women's liberation, and biology. Her model spotlights on the allegorical thought that the body of the earth is the assortment of God (McFague, 1993). To more readily comprehend this model, we should initially analyze how bodies have been seen and influenced inside the Christian religion system of our western culture. Christianity has a long convention of concentrating on exemplification. Its essential practices and thoughts of manifestation, Christology, the Resurrection, and the Eucharist, even the allegory of the congregation being the group of Christ, all include epitome here and there (McFague, 1993). However, with these exemplification attributes of Christianity, this religion despite everything cheapens nature and women’s bodies. It has set up a man centric structure for western culture of degrading the body, and ladies. â€Å"Western culture and religion have a long, excruciating history of disparaging the female by recognizing her with the body and with nature, while raising the male by distinguishing him with reason and spirit† (McFague, 1993). This thought strengthens generalizations that persecute ladies a nd isolates the body from the psyche and soul. Until we accommodate this distinction of the body and psyche, we can't completely adore all bodies; this prompts the powerlessness to cherish the â€Å"body† of the earth (McFague, 1993). Without this affection, we can't completely acknowledge ... ...hange and Global Warming Introduction. Worldwide Issues. Recovered from http://www.globalissues.org/article/233/environmental change-and-a worldwide temperature alteration presentation. Joined Nations Population Funds (2009, November 18). Confronting a Changing World: Women, Population, and Climate. Condition of the World’s Population, UNFPA. Recovered from http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/webpage/worldwide/shared/swp/englishswop09.pdf. Warren, K. J. (1995). The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism. In M. H. MacKinnon and M. McIntyre (Eds.), Readings in Ecology and Feminist Theology (172-195). Kansas City: Sheed and Ward. Winerman, L. (2005). The Mind’s Mirror. Screen on Psychology, 36. Recovered from http://www.apa.org/screen/oct05/mirror.aspx. Youthful, H. (2013). Why We Won’t Stop Global Warming. Aljazeera. Recovered from http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/supposition/2013/01/201312094040359963.html.

Child Abuse There are thousands of children each w Essay Example For Students

Kid Abuse There are a large number of youngsters every w Essay eek that are manhandled andeven murdered on account of their folks, gatekeepers and overseers. Whatis much all the more bewildering is the quantity of youngsters that are manhandled and it isnever even revealed. As indicated by the National Center on Child Abuse andNeglect. In 1997 around 3 million youngsters in the United States werereported as manhandled or fail to government offices that investigatechild misuse (Child Abuse1). Individuals who witness the youngster being abusedwill typically complete two things: make a call to support the kid or turnthere heads the other way since they would prefer not to get included. How might one characterize youngster misuse? Youngster misuse, additionally alluded to as childmaltreatment, is the consequence of physical or enthusiastic injury to a childinflicted from a parent or a grown-up guardian (Child Abuse1). Kid abusedoes not just influence those of a specific race or riches. It does notdiscriminate from shading, religion, sex or pay. Youngster misuse can affectwealthy families just as poor families. Kid misuse is a cycle. Youngsters who experience childhood in mishandled or neglectedenvironment are bound to manhandle their kids than a kid who grewup in a sound one. The cycle proceeds until it is broken by that childor by somebody who is eager to support the kid. The primary type of childprotection originated from a gathering called Society for the Prevention of Crueltyto Animals. Mary Ellen, an eight-year-old young lady, stood up in the SupremeCourt of New York in 1874 and revealed to her account of how she had never receivedlove from her mom. The main thing she got from her mom was dailybeatings and whippings. The social laborer that was chipping away at Mary Ellenscase turned for help to the originator of Society for the Prevention ofCruelty to Animals on the grounds that the court was not going to recognize childabuse as overstepping the law. The people group extremist that the social workercalled upon chose to utilize each asset he needed to help persuade thecourt. They won. The mother went to jail and Mary Ellen was embraced. Soon after Mary Ellens case, the Society for the Prevention of Crueltyto Children in New York was shaped (Morales 2). Mary Ellens case helpedopen the open eye on youngster maltreatment in 1874. There are a few sorts of youngster misuse: physical, passionate, sexual abuseand disregard. There are two kinds of disregard; physical and passionate. Physical maltreatment is the point at which a parent or guardian is truly hurting thechild, by beating, kicking or tossing them. Physical maltreatment is 22% of allsubstantiated cased of abuse(Physical Abuse 1). Physical maltreatment is theeasiest type of maltreatment to personality. The six physical indictors of misuse are wounds, consumes, lacerations,abrasions, skeletal, head, and inside wounds. Wounding on a childs body, when it is a consequence of misuse, is ordinarily onthe bodys back and in bizarre examples. These are signs that thebruises are not incidentally related when in bunches, wounding on infantsand different wounding in different phases of mending. Second are consumes on a childs body are likewise done in surprising examples. A few indications of consumes not being mishap related are drenching burns:doughnut-shape consumes on the rear end. Cigarette consumes on the hands andfeet, rope consumes from restriction, dry consumes brought about by irons are all signsthat the youngster is being mishandled. Third are cuts and scraped areas. With regards to the gashes andabrasions on the manhandled childs body, it is normally on the lips, eyes, onan newborn children face, on gum tissue brought about by the parent forcibly feeding thechild, and cuts on the outer private parts. The fourth sign is skeletal wounds. Wounds incorporate breaks of thelong bones from curving and pulling, division of bone and shaft, spiralfractures, separation of tissue of bone and shaft, and firm and swollenenlarged joints. Wounds like this are difficult for a youngster to do on his orher own. The fifth indictors are head wounds. Head wounds incorporate missing orloosened teeth, nonattendance of the hair, discharging underneath the scalp fromhair pulling, retinal hemorrhages from hitting or shaking the youngster andnasal or jaw crack. The 6th type of physical youngster misuse is inner wounds. Out of thesix, inside wounds are not obvious to the unaided eye. It requires adoctors assessment and testing to check whether the youngster has interior wounds. For a specialist to decide whether the wounds are a consequence of misuse he or shelooks for intestinal wounds from hitting or kicking, burst of heartrelated veins and irritation of stomach territories. The specialist canusually tell on the off chance that it was a mishap relate injury or if the kid was abusedby the wounds the person in question had gotten. That is if the youngster persuades to thehospital to be analyzed by a specialist (Physical Abuse 1). Different types of physical maltreatment are Shaken Baby Syndrome and Fetal AlcoholSyndrome. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the main source of mental retardationin babies. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a birth imperfection that developswhile the mother expends liquor while pregnant. Because of the motherdrinking, liquor will travel through her body as well as travelsstraight through the placenta to the child. At the point when the child is conceived, it ismore than likely it will experience the ill effects of low birth weight, experience difficulty feedingand dozing, and since the infant is no longer in the belly, it will sufferfrom liquor withdrawal. The substance of the infant will be contorted and distorted. The eyes are mostlikely to be cut, the lips will be diminished, particularly the upper lips, lownasal edge and little stunning. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can cause severeneurological harm. The youngster can experience the ill effects of consideration and memorydeficit, hyperactivity, and trouble with unique ideas and problemsolving. The newborn children body and organs never work appropriately and the childcould experience the ill effects of muscle, bone and joint issues. The privates and heartcan be deserted alongside the kidneys. The vision, dental, hearing andgrowth can be annihilated and mental hindrance, conduct issues andepilepsy may happen. In extreme instances of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, babies havebeen known to have despite everything conceived or early demise during earliest stages (Fetal AlcoholSyndrome 1). Bill of Rights Essay Injuries incorporate breaks of the long bones from turning and pulling, division of bone and shaft, winding breaks, separation of tissue of bone and shaft, and hardened and swollen broadened joints. Wounds like this are difficult for a kid to do on his or her own. The fifth indictors are head wounds. Head wounds incorporate missing or released teeth, nonappearance of the hair, discharging underneath the scalp from hair pulling, retinal hemorrhages from hitting or shaking the kid and nasal or jaw crack. The 6th type of physical kid misuse is inner wounds. Out of the six, inner wounds are not obvious to the unaided eye. It requires a specialists assessment and testing to check whether the kid has interior wounds. For a specialist to decide whether the wounds are an aftereffect of misuse he .

What is the Relaxation Response

What is the Relaxation Response Stress Management Effects on Health Print Relaxation Response for Reversing Stress By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on February 17, 2020 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Meditation can be difficult for beginners, but there are ways to make it simple. Compassionate Eye Foundation/Taxi/Getty Images The counterpart to the fight-or-flight response, the relaxation response, occurs when the body is no longer in perceived danger, and the autonomic nervous system functioning returns to normal.?? Simply put, the relaxation response is the opposite of your bodys stress responseâ€"your off switch to your bodys tendency toward fight-or-flight. How Relaxation Response Happens During the relaxation response, the body moves toward a state of physiological relaxation, where blood pressure, heart rate, digestive functioning, and hormonal levels return to normal levels.?? The fight-or-flight state is one of physiological arousal, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, slowed digestive functioning, increased blood flow to the extremities, increased release of hormones like adrenaline and cortisol,?? and other responses preparing the body to protect itself from perceived danger or stress. During acute stress, the fight-or-fight response occurs naturally. This response worked well for us in our ancient humanoid history, when the stress response was triggered as a means of survival in order to flee from fast-moving physical threats like predators.  However, in modern times, the fight-or-flight response is triggered multiple times throughout the day due to a wide range of stressors, many of which are probably more situational than they are based on survival. As such, we may find ourselves in a prolonged state of fight-or-flight, which overtaxes the nervous system and is potentially detrimental to our well-being.?? For example, in times of chronic stress, the body is in a constant state of physiological arousal over perceived threats that are numerous and not life-threatening, and the bodys relaxation response doesnt always have time to activate before the next stressor occurs.  This can lead to decreased immunity and increases in negative emotional consequences like anxiety and burnout. Inducing the Relaxation Response In times of stress, the relaxation response of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) can be induced through breathing exercises and other mindfulness techniques that relax your body and/or your mind.??  (If you can relax both simultaneously, thats even better.)  The following are some of the most effective and convenient strategies for inducing the relaxation response in your body if youre unable to experience it automatically.  Practice these, and youll find it easier to relax during times of stress and minimize the amount of time your body spends in its stress response. Meditation Meditation is a powerhouse of a stress reliever because it works well for calming body and mind, and helps you to build resilience over time.?? Some people find it difficult to get the hang of meditation at first, but trying different meditation techniques and maintaining realistic expectations can prove helpful. Types of Meditation to Relieve Stress Breathing Exercises Stress relief breathing can be highly effective in calming the body as well, as it helps stimulate the vagus nerve which is essential for PNS regulation.?? I highly recommend breathing exercises because they can work to calm the body at any time and place, even in the middle of stressful situations that are ongoing. There are different types of breathing exercises to practice, so try a few. Breathing Exercises for Stress Relief Progressive Muscle Relaxation These exercises involve tensing and relaxing different groups of muscles in your body until it becomes more natural to find and remain in a state of physical relaxation.  This technique takes a little time and practice, but eventually, you should find yourself able to fully relax your body in a few minutes, if not a matter of seconds. Progressive Muscle Relaxation Methods Yoga You may not be surprised to hear that yoga is a wonderful practice to promote relaxation and well-being.??  This modality utilizes the breath and movement to relax and stabilize the mind and invite more ease into the body.  If youre new to yoga its recommend you begin your practice under the tutelage of a certified instructor, but there are also simple, gentle poses that can be practiced at home, and even some you can do at your desk. How Yoga Can Improve the Stress in Your Life A Word From Verywell We strongly encourage you to make some of these techniques a regular part of your life.  When you regularly practice these techniques, your body may become more adept at reversing its own stress response when necessary, so you dont remain in a state of stress for an unhealthy length of time.

How to Make an Awesome Travel Brochure [With Free Templates]

It's not just five-star resorts that need travel brochures—nearly any business can be a travel destination, from museums to mom-and-pop shops. If your business could be considered a tourist spot, we'll show you how to make a travel brochure for free. The final product can be printed and stocked just about anywhere: at a local rest stop, restaurant, travel agency, state park, or city tourism office. You can also share your brochure online to spread the word in a low-cost way. Related: 21 creative brochure cover design ideas for your inspiration We'll walk you through each step so you can have a finished brochure in no time. 1. Draw readers in with the right photo Photos are probably the most important part of your travel brochure. The photos will draw a reader in and help them picture themselves at the travel destination. You don't want to skimp here; if the photos look cheap, then the destination will look cheap. It's also important to know what to showcase. Ask yourself what will speak to your customers and what kind of a vacation they're looking to have. For example, your you could either show the luxurious interior of a mountain resort or a group of people around a campfire in the woods, depending on what would be most appealing to your target audience. I found a few photos on Unsplash that are good examples of the kinds of photos you'll want in your travel brochure: they're sharp and beautiful, and they make you want to walk right into them. Take a look: Be sure to include a few photos of people having a good time so it's easier for customers to imagine themselves at your destination. For example, if you run a horseback riding service, you'll want photos that highlight the natural wonders of your tours. But you should also include shots of families enjoying themselves on a ride. Your brochure will sink or swim on the quality of your photographs, so choose photos that look great while accurately representing your location. If your destination is unusual or unique, consider paying a professional photographer to capture its charm. You're sure to attract visitors who are looking for something off the beaten path. Ready to start designing your travel brochure?Give us a try. Sign up free or sign up with google By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy 2. Use a color scheme The colors of your travel brochure play an important role in how it will be received. The color scheme will likely be the first thing about the brochure that people notice, so it will help to be familiar with the psychological effects that colors have on us. You want to match the feel of your brochure to the destination you're promoting. For example, blue can communicate tranquility and peace as well as trust, and lighter blues are particularly calming. So if your destination is relaxing, and your target customer is looking for a peaceful vacation, light blues will probably send the right message. Also consider how the colors you select blend with the photos in your brochure (and we'll talk more about photos in a moment). The color scheme and photographs should complement each other to achieve a unified feeling. Let's say you're trying to brand your beach destination as playful yet calm. You might choose a color scheme like this: The colors of your brochure and the photos could work together within this color scheme to help customers know what to expect. On the other hand, if your destination is rugged and adventurous, you could try something like this: The same color scheme can be transformed by giving it a little tint. I used an online color wheel tool to find complementary colors and customize them. Also, if you're interested in reading a more comprehensive guide to finding the right colors, check out this handy post by the folks at Quicksprout. Once you get your photos and your color scheme worked out, your brochure will really start to take shape. There's one more crucial element: what your brochure is going to say. 3. Write descriptive copy When it comes to the text, or copy, of your travel brochure, being descriptive is key. You want to paint a picture and make it clear that this is a place that your readers have to see. To illustrate this point, let's compare two bits of copy describing the city of San Francisco: A. Visit San Francisco today! It's a really fun place, and there is a lot to see. You can walk on the Golden Gate Bridge and even see Chinatown! You're sure to enjoy your visit. Book your vacation today! B. Book a vacation to the most picturesque city in America! San Francisco has so much to offer. Enjoy the refreshing bay breeze as you bike across the famous Golden Gate Bridge, and experience the charm of a bustling downtown section full of world-class restaurants. Or, if you prefer a quiet getaway, take a stroll to the Palace of Fine Arts to admire its striking Greek architecture and serene waterways. And that's just getting started. Contact us today to arrange your stay. Which one made you want to visit San Francisco? If you can transport someone to the destination with your copy, they'll want to book the next available flight. 4. Save time with a template If you're in a hurry or don't have a lot of design experience, a template can save you a lot of trouble and give you a very professional-looking travel brochure. Using Lucidpress, you can pick a template that fits your destination and then customize it any way you'd like. Another bonus: you can make a digital travel brochure to distribute online (including social media). I used one of the Lucidpress templates to make a San Francisco travel brochure (are you sensing my love for SF?) that I think turned out pretty nicely. Have a look: With this travel brochure, I combined great images, great design, an appealing and compatible color scheme, and compelling copy. We'd love to see your travel brochures! Ready to design your own stunning travel brochure? Hop over to our free brochure templates to get started.

Psychologist B.F. Skinner was born March 20, 1904 and...

Psychologist B.F. Skinner was born March 20, 1904 and passed away August 18, 1990. Raised in a small town in Pennsylvania by his father William who was a lawyer and his mother Grace. Skinner had a younger brother who he watched die at age sixteen due to cerebral hemorrhage. He attended Hamilton College in New York with plans of becoming a writer. After graduating with his B.A. in English literature he attended Harvard University. Here Skinner invented his prototype for the Skinner box. After Graduating he tried to write a novel which unsuccessfully failed. After his studies in psychology he then developed his own idea on behaviorism. Skinner then received a Ph.D. from Harvard and was a researcher there until 1936. He went on to teach at†¦show more content†¦In September Skinner began his classes at Harvard. He was enrolled in Physiology 5; Physiology 20; Psychology 11; and elementary German due to a language requirement. During the period of these classes Skinner found great joy in finding something through experimentation, and did many experimental studies on the human consciousness and the study of animal intelligence. In this time Skinner also made a gadget which later would play an important role in research, most widely known as the Skinner box. The device was a silent release box, operated by compressed air and designed to eliminate disturbances when a rat was introduced into a habitation. In his first year of graduate school Skinner came close to changing his field from psychology to physiology. His indecision was due to his belief that psychology was less scientific than physiology, and physiology would allow the kind of experimenting he was more interested in. After deciding to stick with studying psychology he passed his German and French exams required for his Ph.D. For the spring term he was enrolled in one philosophy course and three psychology courses, his favorite being Psychology 20C; animal research. It was a class that met once a week to discuss individual work on some aspect of animal behavior. With Dwight Chapman, another graduate student Skinner observed the insight of young squirrels. Skinner was interested in testing the theories of Kohler aShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesContemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of

Social Welfare Past and Present Essay - 1325 Words

Social Welfare Past and Present Social welfare is an expansive system proposed to maintain the well being of individuals within a society. This paper will explain the progression from the feudal system and church provisions for the poor before the Elizabethan Poor Law to the gradual assumption of the responsibility for the poor by the government. A responsibility assumed not out of humanity and concern for the poor, but as a process of standardizing the ways in which the poor were to be managed. The history of social welfare reflects differences in values as they relate to social responsibility in taking care of the needy. Our society has been influenced by values like Judeo-Christian humanitarianism and the economic doctrine of†¦show more content†¦Social welfare in Colonial America was nonexistent, because of this charity was heavily relied on since there was no government policy to provide for the poor. A carry over from England was the establishment of almshouses or workhouses provided by indoor r elief. This fit in well with the Puritan work ethic of the colonists. The next important period in the history of social welfare was the time between the Revolutionary and Civil Wars. It was during this time that a shift to outdoor relief occurred. Work relief programs and in-kind benefits now provided aid. Also during this time the voluntary sector rose and the emphasis was put on charitable institutions. It was in the large cities during the 19th century that various organizations were established to lessen the suffering of the poor. One of these organizations was the New York Society for the Prevention of Pauperism (1817), which used visitors to assess and respond to the needs of the poor. Another such organization was the Association for Improving the Condition of the poor (1843). This organization required an assessment of individuals needs so that relief agencies could be more effective. Also, Buffalos Charity Organization Society (COS) desired to organize charities to prevent duplication of services and toShow MoreRelatedGovernment Cont rolled Social Service Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesIn our Society, We are faced with many social problems, such as Healthcare, unemployment, and housing. Government officials implemented social policies to enhance social welfare by providing assistance for many populations in need. However, low income families (single mothers and the working class) are stigmatized against as the government primarily provides aid for this vulnerable population. Therefore, as social service providers we feel limited with resources for our clients and it prohibitsRead MoreEffects of Coloniztionon First Nations1483 Words   |  6 Pages1. Discuss your understanding of historic and contemporary colonization, how it continues to affect First Nations, Metis, and or Inuit peoples today and how it may be reflected in your proposed specific area of social work practice. To begin with, colonization began when first contact was made between Indigenous peoples of Canada and Europeans. At first the settlers were humble to Indigenous peoples and learnt how to survive the diverse land of what is known as Canada. As settlers began gettingRead MoreUnequal Opportunities By George Carlin Essay1330 Words   |  6 Pagesreferred to be the map to success and treasure. Million people migrate to the United State for a chance to change their future and better the lives of their children. The United States is filled with social classes and racial division. The lack of opportunity and inequality has been a shadow in the past and present history (). Families with more money are expected to achieve the same or more as the next generation. America stands for the land of opportunity, yet the opportunities are limited for minoritiesRead MorePoverty And Poverty1081 Words   |  5 PagesPoverty within humanity has been a pressing social issue for centuries. Historically, wars have been waged and governmental regimes toppled because of the clash between wealthy aristocracy and the poor working class. One of the most notable of this type of dispute is the French Revolution. The French Revolution sparked country across Europe and the world, giving rise to the formation of new political opinion of the poor. Famous authors and politicians during the time, like Thomas Paine and EdmundRead MoreDoes Welfare Encourage Dependency?1368 Words   |  6 PagesJar’ee Rhodes Professor Davis ENC 1102 16 July 2012 Does Welfare Encourage Dependency? Created by Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression, the idea of welfare was to help those who are living in poverty and need help to feed their families. 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Even though it should be addressed, the counterplan the government prepares are only a semblance and seems to not address essentials, so the government should be dealing with juvenile delinquency and children juveniles should be treated in a fundamental way before they commit criminal offenses. Characteristics in the Past The characteristics of juvenile delinquency seem to have changed. In the past, juvenile delinquent behavior was committedRead MoreEssay on social policy1190 Words   |  5 PagesBTEC Level 4 HND Diploma In Health and Social Care Student Name Unit 7: Social Policy Assessor name: Christine Pratt Date of Issue Completion date 27/01/2014 07/03/2014 Student No. Submitted on Assignment title Learning Outcome Learning outcome Assessment criteria LO1 Understand the significant historical and contemporary landmarks in social welfare provision 1.1 Understand the origins of social policies 2.1 Analyse the processes Read MoreRacial Discrimination : The And Public Order Perspectives1103 Words   |  5 Pagesrights and public order perspectives are such contentious issues in Contemporary American Society because racial tolerance continues to be a clear trend in American society. In the past six years, there has been a significant positive change in the perceptions of both African Americans and Caucasians regarding the present state of race relations. The change in attitudes have reached the point where an African American has participated in the race for presidential election and won. Many of the issuesRead MoreDd208 Exam Notes Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesNotes for exam question 1 Chapter 1: social scientist have argued that issues of inequality, poverty and social exclusion cut across both social welfare and crime control domains, and noted that while some responses to these issues may become the focus of social welfare policies, others may become the focus of crime control interventions. Social justice then is neither the exclusive terrain of social welfare nor of crime control. The boundaries between these two domains tend to be mobile and

Essay on Major Issues Police Departments Face - 724 Words

The Issue police departments are facing major issues, in today’s society. Police departments are greatly understaffed, and sadly they fail to meet there recruitment quota. Money is the main sources of issues we face in America. If money is scarce in certain regions, then some police officers are willing to pack up and move to areas where they may pay more. Quite frankly I see this issue as being something good. For example, the job of a police officer is very risky. They stand the chance of losing their life everyday they are on patrols. If they put their lives on the line to protect the community and its property, then they should be paid something reasonable. The same goes for Soldiers who takes part in the army. My brother and sister†¦show more content†¦Homeland security information network is used to help small agencies into the information and collaboration circle. Local agencies can interact with the public the patrol on every day. Sharing information between them all is very crucial, that’s the best way they can communicate with one another, and they could all figure out different ways they can access certain situations. Home land security insures the safety of the united states. It passes laws writes ne policies, help fight crime, and most of all prevent terrorism. Homeland security helps protect our freedom, we have in the united states as well as keeping its citizens safe. Homeland security is is a national process that has programs like: the National terrorism advisory system. they create the rules that is strictly enforced by the TSA in airports. They Help keep the U.S safe Homeland security also help keeps use safe with cyber security, immigration, and border security. homeland securty was founded on November 25, 2002. It was signed into law by president Bush. it was made to help prevent any further terrorist attacks, that may arise after 9/11. Homeland security watches the countries borders, fights cyber security, and prevents terrorism every day, in hopes they can help put an to the violences thats constantly arising. Homeland security would relay information they receive on terrorism to the federal bureau of inspection, there the problem will be analyzed, and taking care of ifShow MoreRelatedStaffing Problems Of The Virginia State Police Department Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pagesorganization faces staffing challenges. However, the difference lies in the manner a company reacts to staffing issues. Staffing issues can be internal, external, or both. In addition, the intensity levels of the issues may vary from company to company. Recently, the Virginia State Police suffered from several staffing issues. This paper will address the specific staffing concerns with the Virginia Police Department, the ineffectiveness of the situation illustrated in the article, and ways the police departmentRead MoreImplementing Body Cameras Department Wide Face1437 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Police departments nationwide have began to consider body cameras. Implementing body cameras department wide face many issu es due to funding restrictions. Rialto Police Department faced the s Today at 2:01 PM î€   Jamar Newsome To Jamar Newsome Today at 2:01 PM Abstract Police departments nationwide have began to consider body cameras. Implementing body cameras department wide face many issues due to funding restrictions. Rialto Police DepartmentRead MoreAdministrator Challenges Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagesin the police department. I will also describe what I consider being the major issues and satisfactions of that particular role. Finally, I will discuss if this course helped prepare me? 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Joint partnerships between the police and the community they serveRead MoreIt Comes To Light That Police Departments Across The States1741 Words   |  7 PagesIt comes to light that police departments across the states play an important role in fighting and preventing terrorism. They are being trained to learn and investigate local terrorist threats throughout the United States, and to make sure the community is protected from such harm. In to do so police officers will have to extend they stay in the community and be involved in such activities and improve the community trust, another thing they will have to do is to build a partnership with other local

Nicotine Essay - 809 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the world today, Nicotine is one of the most frequently used addictive drugs. The impact it has on society is like no other. It is one of more than 4,000 chemicals found in the smoke of tobacco products such as cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. This addictive drug is the primary component in tobacco that acts on the brain. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tobacco can be found two ways, it can be dried brown leaves of various sizes or it can be a grown form of tobacco. When extracted from the leaves, nicotine is colorless, but quickly turns brown when exposed to air. It then becomes a poisonous, pale yellow, oily liquid with a pungent odor and acrid taste. The amount of nicotine contained in tobacco leaves ranges†¦show more content†¦When using the wet snuff it would be held either between your lips or between your gums and cheek. The dried snuff is snorted up the nose and the chewing tobacco is chewed. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nicotine has many various effects on the body. In small doses nicotine can serves as a stimulant, entering the bloodstream and promoting the flow of adrenaline, a stimulating hormone. It also raises the blood pressure and reduces the appetite, and it may cause nausea and vomiting. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nicotine is addictive! Most smokers use tobacco regularly because they are addicted to the nicotine. You can be addicted to the nicotine in a physical and physological addiction. Addiction is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, even if they are in the risk of health problems. It is well documented that most smokers identify tobacco as harmful and express a desire to reduce or stop using it, and nearly 35 million of them make a serious attempt to quit. Unfortunately, 7% of those who try to quit in their own achieve more than 1 year of abstinence; most relapse within a few days of trying to quit. Some of the other factors besides nicotine addictive properties include its high level of availability, the small number of legal consequences of using the tobacco, and the advertising methods used by companies. What most people do not realize is that theShow MoreRelated Nicotine Essay4379 Words   |  18 PagesNicotine Cigarette smoking has been known for years to impair health of smokers and nonsmokers exposed to smoke in various ways such as by damaging the lungs and circulatory system. Nicotine, present in mainstream and sidestream smoke, is believed to be one of the most toxic components of tobacco. In 1994, David Kessler, commissioner of the FDA, launched an attack on tobacco companies, claiming they deliberately increased nicotine levels in cigarettes. Nicotine has been shown in various experimentsRead MoreExtract Nicotine From Tobacco Samples And Calculate The Amount Of Nicotine1247 Words   |  5 Pagesdissolve in the solvent. The purpose of this experiment is to extract nicotine from tobacco samples and calculate the amount of nicotine in it. In this experiment, nicotine will be the substance we want to get, and dichloromethane will be the solvent. Through several cycles of extraction, nicotine was able to dissolve in the solvent which makes the color of liquid in the extractor to fade. T he solvent was later on evaporated, and nicotine was obtained. Only a little amount of solvent will be used in thisRead MoreThe Effects Of Nicotine Dependence On Adolescents936 Words   |  4 PagesHypothesis: In the study it was hypothesized that as the nicotine dependence progresses it would lead to low positivity in the mood, high negativity in the mood, and higher mood variability. The study also observed whether nicotine dependence in a person changes after increasing the frequency of the person smoking during the course of the study. Methods: a. Participants In the study, the participants who were recruited were from the SECASP project. The study was a longitudinal study based on examiningRead MoreCigarettes And Other Nicotine Products884 Words   |  4 PagesMikhaylovich Group topic: Cigarettes and Other Nicotine Products In today’s session, group members were to learn the physiological and neurological effects of using nicotine and tobacco. The importance of quitting smoking and the methods of cessation were discussed. PO was on time and minimally engaged in the discussion. PO showed no interested in today’s topic as evidenced by only answering questions when prompted. PO completed the weekly treatment progress, reported having attended one soberRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol And Nicotine On Drugs1589 Words   |  7 Pagesis lit, more chemicals are released. Nicotine is the major ingredient in tobacco products which contributes to dependence. Once absorbed, nicotine travels to the adrenal glands via the blood stream which results in the release of epinephrine. Epinephrine in turn stimulates the central nervous system, causing an increase of blood pressure, heart rate and respiration (National Institute on drug abuse). In addition to altering the levels of epinephrine, nicotine also af fects dopamine levels. BehavioralRead MoreThe Addiction Of Tobacco, Nicotine, And Smoking1492 Words   |  6 PagesThe addiction to tobacco, nicotine, and smoking is something the humans have embraced and battled since the early 1800’s. With more and more people falling into the habit and becoming addicted, many detrimental health effects on the body caused people to question what was going on and what was causing these negative reactions in the body. 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The Royal Pharmaceutical Society has maintainedRead MoreFda Regulations : Nicotine Exposure Warnings And Child Resistant Packaging For Liquid Nicotine1664 Words   |  7 Pages Week 2 Assignment Proposed Regulations: Nicotine Exposure Warnings and Child-Resistant Packaging for Liquid Nicotine, Nicotine-Containing ELiquid (s), and Other Tobacco Products Hope Baruffa Professor Bowman Keller University 13 September 2015 The proposed rule, Nicotine Exposure Warnings and Child-Resistant Packaging for Liquid Nicotine, Nicotine-Containing ELiquid (s), and other Tobacco Products, is of great interest due to the fact that as a smoker andRead MoreNicotine Addiction: The Effects On The Body Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesA Tobacco plant is made up of approximately 5 percent of nicotine by weight. There are two categories of tobacco products cigarettes and smokeless tobacco. Nicotine has many effects on the body but the effect it has on the brain is responsible for the so called â€Å"good feeling† that is behind the addiction. Nicotine is considered to be addictive because of the psychological and physiological effects on a person. The Center for the Advancement of Health published the results of a study on teenagerRead MoreAnalysis On Reduced Nicotine Content For Cigarettes1171 Words   |  5 PagesKatherine Kim Health Psychology Paper Option A November 18, 2015 Analysis on Reduced-Nicotine Content for Cigarettes Smoking is a major problem concerning public health. It comes with many side effects that affect not only the smoker, but also victims of secondhand smoke and even thirdhand smoke. Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide that affects at least 6 million people a year. Previous research has shown that smokers die an average of 15 years earlier than non-smokers. Eric

Hrm Performance Appraisal Free Essays

Performance Appraisal Assignment Enclosure: Excel Sheet for Rough Work (In Mail) Submitted by: Group: 10 Kumar Gauraw (15) Ajay Gupta (37) Rajumoni Saikia(48) Tarakeswar Das(49) Question: How will you use Different methods to assess her performance? Answer: Graphic Rating Scale Graphic rating scales are one of the most common methods of performance appraisal. Graphic rating scales require an evaluator to indicate on a scale the degree to which an employee demonstrates a particular trait, behaviour, or performance result.Rating forms are composed of a number of scales, each relating to a certain job or performance-related dimension, such as job knowledge, responsibility, or quality of work. We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm Performance Appraisal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Graphic rating scales have a number of advantages: 1. Standardization of content permitting comparison of employees. 2. Ease of development use and relatively low development and usage cost. 3. Reasonably high rater and ratee acceptance. Disadvantages 1. They are susceptible to rating errors which result in inaccurate appraisals.Possible rating errors include halo effect, central tendency, severity, and leniency. 2. Restrictions on the range of possible rater responses. 3. Differences in the interpretations of the meanings of scale items and scale ranges by raters. 4. Poorly designed scales that encourage rater errors. CASE SOLUTION Following Graphic Rating Scale can be used to assess the performance of Ms. Prachi Jindal. [pic] [pic] Behaviour rating scale: Behaviourally anchored rating scales (BARS) are rating scales whose scale points are defined by statements of effective and ineffective behaviours.They are said to be behaviourally anchored in that the scales represent a continuum of descriptive statements of behaviours ranging from least to most effective. An evaluator must indicate which behaviour on each scale best describes an employee’s performance. BARS differ from other rating scales in that scale points are specifically defined behaviours. Also, BARS are constructed by the evaluators who will use them. There are four steps in the BARS construction process: 1.Listing of all the important dimensions of performance for a job or jobs   2. Collection of critical incidents of the effective and ineffective behaviour. 3. Classification of effective and ineffective behaviours to appropriate performance dimensions   4. Assignment of numerical values to each behaviour within each dimension (i. e. , scaling of behavioural anchors). †¢ COMMUNICATION [pic] She could be given Score of â€Å"6† because she handled and communicated well, as we don’t have information regarding her consistency so we can’t give score of â€Å"7†. INTERPERSONAL [pic] She could be given Score of â€Å"6† because of her good Interpersonal Skills, as we don’t have information regarding her consistency so we can’t give score of â€Å"7†. †¢ STRESS TOLERENCE [pic] She could be given Score of â€Å"6† because she handled the stressful situation well and in spite of verbal anger shown by the customer she maintained cool and calm and focused on the objective of resolving the issue, as we don’t have information regarding her consistency so we can’t give score of â€Å"7†.CRITICAL INCIDENT METHOD |Continuing Duties |Targets |Critical Incidents | |Attend Calls From Customer |95% of the callers should be satisfied after|She could made the customer happy while receiving | | |putting their problem in front of the |the calls | | |Customer Care Executive. | |Personal Traits while receiving calls |90% of the situations the Customer Care |She could manage to keep herself cool and cal m | | |Executive have to be cool and calm. |while talking to the Customer. | |Product knowledge |The Customer Care Executive should have the |She have shown a good knowledge about the product | | |knowledge of the product. as she was able to detect the problem. | |Identification of problems |95% of the situations the Customer Care |She could identify the problem with in a very | | |Executive should be able to find the |short time. | | |intricacy of the problem. | |Communication with the Manufacturer |95% of the situations the Customer Care |She was able to convey the problem to the | | |Executive should be able to convey the |Manufacturer in a much satisfying manner | | |problem to the Manufacturer. | |Prompt in taking action |90% of the situations the Customer Care |She was prompt in taking action for resolving the | | |Executive should be prompt in taking |issue | | |corrective action. | |Time taken to resolve the issue |95% of the situations the Customer Care |She was able to resolve the problem within 15 | | |Executive should resolve the problem in the |minutes of the call. | | |same day. | | The Critical incident collected could be of great help in performing her Performance Appraisal more accurately†. Question: – What help do you take from this case in making use of HR policy? alignment. Ans: – With the learning’s from this case following HR policies could be thought to for implementation. †¢ Recruitment ; Selection: Care should be taken to evaluate Candidate based on the behavioural ; overall factors before selecting. †¢ Behavioural Training: Behavioural Training must be imparted to all and periodically assessment. †¢ Product Knowledge: Training regarding technical ; overall product should be given from time to time about new ; exhausting product. †¢ Cross Cultural Training: Training to adapt, understand ; perform in multicultural environment should be imparted. [pic][pic][pic] How to cite Hrm Performance Appraisal, Papers

Modern Classic Texts Essay Example For Students

Modern Classic Texts Essay There has to be evil so that good can prove its purity above it Buddha. Humanitys thinking is conditioned by the ideals of the society around it. In order to run functionally the masses of society must support and uphold societys ideals. So society names acceptable, or encouraged, ideals good and the actions society disallows or forbids are called evil. Every day we see atrocious acts committed on the news. Even when the world condemns acts of evil they still occur, One then wonders why crimes are committed, whether these sins are an act of nature (that the perpetrator is born with certain evils) or is it instead that society has taught these people to be hateful and commit crimes, with this uncertainty In mind I set about investigating the questions; are humans inherently evil? Is there such thing as moral goodness? And how do two Modern Classic Texts, The Lord of the Flies and The Crucible, reflect real life contemporary issues? The sociological choices within The Lord of the Flies reflects the evils of real life societal flaws.  William Goldings The Lord of the Flies is a novel based on the exploits of a group of boys aged from six to twelve who are stranded on an island in a time which the world has sunk into nuclear war, the novel follows their paths as they attempt to create a functioning society on the island. The age of the boys is significant because they are old enough to know what is deemed right and wrong by the cultural rules of the society they grew up in but they were young enough that they hadnt had the morals of society drilled upon them so strongly as to not be able to ignore or disobey them without complete guilt of conscience. Golding makes the reader ask himself the age old question of whether Nature or Nurture is responsible for the evil within us. By eliminating the nurturing influence of our society in The Lord of the Flies (by stranding the boys) he can show that the boys will demonstrate evil not because of societies influence on them but instead, as Golding puts it, because they have the disease of being human. The reader can empathize with the group of boys because the reader sees their actions as being realistic and plausible, The traits shown by the boys are similar to the undesirable traits that children may exhibit before manners are taught to them, for example Maurice throwing sand at Percival is similar to the experiences of my life where kids have flicked sand into each others eyes at playgrounds, towards the climax of the novel the boys completely disregard their highest moral and commit the epitome of evil in killing Piggy on impulse, The evil of the situation is explained by the narrative, describing Ralph, the only boy who still believes in our societys ideals, in the quote; Ralph wept for the end of innocence and for the darkness within mans heart. I believe that their evil is only an extreme exaggeration of flicking sand to hurt somebody, the boys no longer support the morals of society so the act of murder is no more evil than flicking sand, the boys are misguided maybe but not inherently evil.  I believes that Golding is trying to say that evil lies within each of us irrelevant of our experiences, however I think that it is experiences which completely define our concept of evil, because without experiences we wouldnt know what evil was or how to avoid it. .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411 , .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411 .postImageUrl , .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411 , .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411:hover , .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411:visited , .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411:active { border:0!important; } .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411:active , .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411 .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u720e1166716c9140edad46f5e6a23411:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Animal Rights Analysis EssayI believe the boys freedom to make decisions on the island without fear of reprimand or consequence is what shows that their true psyche is not to resort to what Golding would define as being evil acts but to doing what they please without notion of whether their actions are good or evil because it doesnt matter to them either way. I think this is similar to real life Crimes where a perpetrator or perpetrators from a lower end of society who have received in adequate love or advice arent remorseful for crimes they have committed because they havent grasped fully that the crime is wrong. In the crucible we see a spectrum of good and evil actions.  John Proctor, the protagononist in The Crucible shows elements of goodness and evil. He shows elements of self-defined evil by committing adultery early in the play, however later on he shows great remorse for his evil. I dont believe from this evidence that Proctor is inherently evil he just committed an evil action. I think that people may make poor choices, but it does not make them evil, there is always a capacity for good within people and Proctors recognition of his evil and his plead to god for redemption shows his good equally as much as his adultery shows his evil. The Capacity for good is also shown by proctor later in the play when many in the town are convicted of witchcraft by the town officials, the madness shown in Salem has been repeated throughout history, as mankind will disregard their morals to ensure their own safety, however although most men would lie and confess that they were witches Proctor refused to give up his dignity and would sacrifice his life rather than sign his name to a lie which was unjust, I think this demonstrates impeccable good from proctor to die for a cause is the ultimate sacrifice and to die for a good cause takes courage, and courage is a form of moral goodness.

The Peyote Plant Essays - Native American Religion,

The Peyote Plant Drug use has always been a topic of controversy, especially when it pertains to religion. One particular drug that has been brought to the attention of the federal government is Peyote. Peyote is a drug that has been used by the Native Americans for thousands of years. This drug, Peyote which has caused much controversy over the years has recently been reconsidered for legal use. ?Probably the most famous New World hallucinogenic plant is Peyote, (Lophoproria willamsii), a small spineless cactus, native to the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Also in the northern and central parts of the Mexican Plateau Region. Another species (Lidiffuss) is native to the Mexican State of Quertono. The rounded, gray-green stem crown (top) is radially divided into sections, each offering a small meristematic region (called an areole) from which arises a tuft of hairs. The crown tapers into a thick carrot-like root that extends into the ground (?Mescal Bean? N. Pag.). There are many different chemicals in the Peyote cactus, the main one being mescaline. ?Mescaline, which can be made in a lab, was isolated in 1919, resembling epinephrine, the adrenal hormone? (?Peyote 1? Pag). The Peyote cactus contains more than 50 different alkaloids, but the most active hallucinogen is mescaline. ?Mescaline has a chemical structure similar to the brain neurotransmitter dopamine? (?MescalBean? N. Pag.). It is also structurally similar to the neurohormone norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and to the stimulant amphetamine. In the Peyote cactus, mescaline is formed in a complex path way from the Amino Acid tyrosine. Mescaline provides psychologic disorientation with brilliant, ever changing colors. Mescaline hallucinations produce audio visual affects, double personality, derealization (loss of sense of reality of environment) and depersonalization (shattered personality). ?Peyote was dried and eaten by Southwest Indians at religious services for sense of well being, hallucinations (visions) and trances? (?Peyote N. Pag.). Native Americans use this drug as part of their religious ceremonies. The users slice off and eat peyote crowns fresh or dried. Peyote buttons last years, swallowed whole or drunk in tea. According to Clairdone, large amounts of peyote can induce hallucinations, adherents say the quantities normally taken in religious rites bring on only an introspective mood that gives the user insight to the spiritual world. This is not something American Indians have made up in the past hundred years. ?Mescal Beans have been discovered in Indian sites dating before A.D. 1000, and from one site dating back to 1500 B.C. (?Mescal Bean? N. Pag.). ?Ever since the arrival of the first Europeans in the New World, Peyote has provoked controversy. Supression and persecution? (Scnultes N. Pag.). Peyote, in its natural state is not a dangerous drug, however, synthetic peyote causes harmful side effects. According to the article ?Peyote 1 and magic Mushrooms?, ?Synthetic peyote lowers blood pressure, depresses the central Nervous system and kills by respiratory failure.? Since Peyote is a drug that produces hallucinogenic affects, the military reached an agreement with the Native American church to honor the use of peyote for Native Americans in the Military, except for those who operate nuclear weapons. Other restrictions were said to include a prohibition against the use of peyote on military vehicles, aircraft, or ships; a requirement to stop using the drug 24 hours before returning to active duty. According to Clairdone, Church sources said fears of hallucinogenic ?flashbacks? that were raised by officials of the Strategic Air Co mmand delayed formal implementation of the draft rules and raised bitter resentment among devout native Americans who use peyote as a sacrament. Individual states had made laws that honored the peyote ritual, but peyote was still considered an illegal drug. According to Guy Mount, in his article, ?Peyote and the Law?, Three states have exempted peyote from controlled substance prohibitions, and do permit the ?Bona-Fide? sacramental use of peyote by non-Indians who are members of an established church: these are New York, Arizona, and New Mexico. A recent decision by the Supreme Court of the United States (1990) makes it clear that we do not have a Constitutional right to use any controlled substance as a religious sacrament. Instead, each state has the right to pass laws which honor the peyote religion, or continue to suppress it. Peyote is significant to Native American religious rituals and

Sample Reflection Essay For Teachers At Torrey Academy

Sample Reflection Essay For Teachers At Torrey AcademyThe reading assignments for the teaching staff at Torrey Academy have a new section that was recently added. The information in this section is for students only and has a specific purpose. This section asks students to submit a reflection essay to the staff on a specific occasion. Students can select one of many examples to meet the purpose of this section.One example of this is when the staff will be away for a week. The assignment is to write a reflection essay about the teacher that they have lost the ability to provide, or their performance during this week. They should also share an opinion as to why it was such a great loss to them.Another is when the staff is not able to use some programs. The teachers at Torrey Academy will be visiting other schools for a month. They need to write a reflection essay for students who are not able to attend.Finally, there is a new area that is written by the teaching staff themselves. The f eedback they receive through this section is used to decide how to improve their own teaching techniques. One example of this is if there is something that is causing problems, and they do not know what to do about it.These days, teachers seem to take whatever they can get, as long as it helps to provide a quality education. However, with the changing world of technology, how can you go on with your job and still provide a good quality education to your students?There are times when there is no one else to send out a reflection essay to. Therefore, students are having a difficult time finding the time to write a reflection essay to their teachers.This is whereTorrey Academy's teaching staff comes in handy. The TeachingStaff.com provides student and teacher resources, and the TeachingStaff.com takes full advantage of this by allowing students to receive online help with projects, test prep, reading, writing, and more!

Islamic Women essays

Islamic Women essays Many times when feminists looked at Islamic women they criticized the man for not treating women properly. However, as Jane I. Smith states, women of Islam are not really offended by that fact, on the contrary, they believe that it is better for them. The Holy Koran is the basis for the Islamic believers. It has many interpretations, however there are certain facts that are sure to be clear as to the position of women in an Islamic society. Koran did introduce very significant changes as to treatment of women. Certain women did play powerful roles in societies. However, whatever the earlier realities for women in terms of marriage, divorce, and inheritance of property, it is clear that Islamic men believe that they are above woman. However, they are supposed to support them and make sure that they have everything that they need to help raise their children and praise the god. In Islam, marriage is not a sacrament, as it is in other religions. It is a contract that man and woman sign and in which the woman can clearly includes her own clauses and negotiate terms. It is rare however possible for a man to have more the one wife. However, when that happens the man is responsible for caring and supporting both of them. In order to marry another woman however, the man must have the permission of his first wife. Although Muslim women have had been married at extremely young age, this practice is related to the fact that father and other male relatives generally have chosen the grooms themselves. There are however some discrepancies. Islamic women are not treated equally in the face of the law. Ones women statement in the court is equal to half of one man. The same principle also applies to inheritance and other issues. The Koran states that the man, since he is supporting the woman, should receive twice as much of everything. Until recently education for women in the Muslim world has been minimal. ...

Maam and Regional Colonialism

Maam and Regional Colonialism Maam and Regional Colonialism Maam and Regional Colonialism By Maeve Maddox Where I come from, children are taught that responding to grownups with a mere yes or no is impolite. Yeah is unforgivably rude. As a child I was taught to say yes, sir, no, maam and when I grew up, I continued to say it. When I lived in England, women whom Id addressed as maam would sometimes smile and tell me that over there maam was reserved for the queen. A recent segment on National Public Radio (Sept. 8, 2010) has alerted me to the fact that in some regions of the U.S., women perceive maamas a put-down. NY Times reporter Natalie Angier apparently wants the honorific wiped out of American speech altogether. This attack on the use of maam is an example of what I call regional colonialism. In every country, the people who live in the major population centers ridicule the speech and manners of those who live in other parts of the same country. Parisians laugh at French southern accents just as much as New Yorkers make fun of southern American speakers. Now that everyone in the country consumes the same news and entertainment media, the continued existence of regional vocabulary and pronunciation is at the mercy of the speakers and writers who control the media. An example of the media driving out previous southern terminology is that of the word soda to meansoft drink. When I was young, a soda was an ice cream treat. The first time I heard the word soda used to mean cold drink from the vending machine was in the mouth of a character on Law Order. Now all grocery stores, North and South, have soda aisles where one finds Coke, Dr. Pepper, RC, and other carbonated beverages. (I did notice a fairly recent sign in a local supermarket that listed soft drinks on the same sign as sodas.) Angier wrote an article, The Politics of Polite, in which she lambastes the use of maam. She acknowledges that maam usage varies by region. She even quotes a Georgetown professor: Southerners and Midwesterners will maam with greater frequency than do the residents on the East and West Coasts but having made this obligatory nod to regional usage, she goes full steam ahead to argue that nobody should maam anybody. In theory, ma’am is a courtesy term, meant to convey respect and graciousness lightly salted with deference. Yet much evidence suggests that when it comes to fomenting a sense of good will ma’am fails even more spectacularly than â€Å"Have a nice day.† The evidence Angier presents consists of the results of a completely unscientific poll of her own, and the following examples from the media: Barbara Boxer to Brigadier General Michael Walsh of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, who addressed her as maam. She told the general that she preferred to be called senator: â€Å"I worked so hard to get that title, so I’d appreciate it, Helen Mirren, playing Detective Chief Inspector Jane Tennison on the crime series Prime Suspect: â€Å"Listen, I like to be called governor or the boss. I don’t like ma’am. I’m not the bloody queen, so take your pick.† Kate Mulgrew as Capt. Kathryn Janeway to a young male ensign: â€Å"ma’am is acceptable in a crunch, but I prefer captain.† In each of these examples, the context is a that of a woman asserting her right to a title previously reserved for men. If I were in a gathering in which all the male academics were being called Dr. and someone addressed me as Ms., Id be annoyed too. Angiers fourth example from the media of a character who rejects the use of maam is from a television series called Nurse Jackie: when a policeman struggling to help subdue a disturbed patient [makes] the mistake of referring to Edie Falco’s eponymous character as â€Å"ma’am,† Nurse Jackie [shoots] back, â€Å"So help me God, do not call me ma’am - uncuff him!† According to reviews, Nurse Jackie is an irascible drug-addicted curmudgeon who uses language as a cudgel. I wouldnt read too much into her objection to maam. I have no illusions as to what the outcome of the assault on maam will be if the East Coast and West Coast media take it up as a cause. A pleasant and civilized idiom native to my region will give way to a more abrupt manner of address that is preferred by those who control the national media. Meanwhile, Ill just continue to say Yes maam to my four-and-a-half-year-old granddaughter so that shell acquire the habit. She can deal with regional colonialism when the time comes. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating Conjunctions50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)Confusion of Subjective and Objective Pronouns

Transformational Leadership and Public Service Motivation Essay

Transformational Leadership and Public Service Motivation - Essay Example The desire to maximize on self-interest provides aspiring leaders the unique chances to assume leadership roles by simultaneously meeting the demands of the subjects and those of the organization.   For Gordon, in his pursuit of exceptional leadership attributes, among the things he ought to understand is that his interaction with his subordinates should permit the building of an explicitly motivational work environment. Doing so implies that the individual acquires the means of transcending their typical roles as followers or leaders. Google’s organizational culture presents the best example of how leaders relate to their supporters. In their culture, the making of company decisions is a role of company employees, irrespective of rank. Any organization needs a workforce made up of leaders and subordinates (Barbuto, 2010, p. 30). The expectancy theory described above relies upon the extrinsic motivators in the description of behaviors demonstrated in the working environment (Barbuto, 2010, p. 28). For instance, external rewards have been known to have inducing effects of fueling practices relative to nitrite motivators (Hitt, Porter & Black, 2011, p. 87). The intrinsi c theory argues that traits are a consequence of internal forces in the form of job satisfaction. Scholarships claim that motivational thoughts hedged on the concept of motivation are of the assumption that subordinates make conscious choices as a way of maximizing self-interests (Paarlberg, & Lavigna, 2010, p. 710).   The above-argued concept makes this paper suggest that the expectancy school of thought provides a vehicle for Gordon to realize his leadership ambitions. The paper argues so because the likelihood model tends to equip leaders with the necessary tools to affect the psychological processes within their followers (Humphreys, & Einstein, 2014, p. 60).  

Ronald Dworkins Legal Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ronald Dworkins Legal Theory - Essay Example Decisions that are regulated by legal standards put in force the existing rights of individuals, and therefore judges do not, in reality, establish the law but rather ascertain it. Judges should not resolve difficult cases based on considerations which persuade legislators when they take up policies advancing collective goals. The rights of individuals are to be put into effect against considerations of the general good. Judicial discretion is flawed as a descriptive notion regarding how judges actually act in difficult cases, and as a dogmatic account of how they should behave. These premises are pursued by Dworkin over a number of years and articulating them in successive papers. In Taking Rights Seriously (1977), Dworkin has endeavored to improve and expand on his disagreement to legal positivism and also his personal concept of the law. Modern Anglo-American legal concept has put little consideration to studies in legal theory that were undertaken during the first half of the 20th century. Before H.L.A. Hart's The Concept of Law (1961), legal theory is commonly regarded as an antiquated philosophy. Modern-day authors consider it needless to come to grips with out-of-date theories, as it is broadly regarded that such concepts have been transcended and probed by Hart's work and those who subsequently took up his philosophies. This attitude concerning legal theories is more evident in the modern-day consideration of American legal pragmatism. Interest attending the realist movement, however, is sparse. In Taking Rights Seriously, Dworkin confers just about a page to the movement. Theodore Benditt (1978) is more considerate in his discourse of realism in his Law as Rule and Principle. However, Benditt considers legal realism as no more than an outdated philosophy. Certainly, legal realism is viewed as containing insights. Realism, however, is regarded as having been acknowledged in the past and integrated into conventional legal concept, while the flaws have been supposedly identified and rejected. Such is the prevailing message regarding realism conveyed by contemporary work in legal theory (Summers 1982). In The Concept of Law, Hart convincingly criticises realism and his theory took up a number of the assertions connected with the realist movement, while he rejected the superfluity of realism by raising a skillfully presented notion of law as a system of rules. One of those considered excesses of realism were the theory that the law was formed with ambiguity wherein almost any litigated issues the law is ineffective to prescribe a specific result. The conceptual approach taken by Hart was to recognise that law has an essential substance of indeterminacy but contends that such ambiguity necessarily took up a marginal area in the legal system. With Dworkin's influence, conventional legal concept subsequently became engrossed with the question of whether Hart overstated the area of legal indeterminacy. It was presently acknowledged and rejected that the realists' concept of radical indeterminacy was relegated to the class of realist excesses. The realists focused upon the preference of competing legal rules which common-law case judges must formulate. This could appear to